Wait a second!
More handpicked essays just for you.
More handpicked essays just for you.
Objectives of literature review
Don’t take our word for it - see why 10 million students trust us with their essay needs.
Recommended: Objectives of literature review
Chapter II Review of the Literature Introduction It is a “reading world” we live in and students should be guaranteed every opportunity to succeed in this information driven society. Children today are overwhelmed with more reading material than ever before on billboard, television, the Internet and at school, causing reading to become a relevant and essential need in the life of every child (Lumpkin 1972). Being able to read has become the core of our information driven society. Yet, reading difficulties continue to plague the foundation of our education system creating a problem that only seems to be escalating. Hasselbring affirms that reading difficulties are a serious concern to our nation’s students claiming that, “as many as 20 percent of 17 year olds... [are] functionally illiterate and 44 percent of all high school students…[are] described as semi-illiterate”(2004). This is a harsh reality to face – a reality that stems from difficulties developed at the elementary level where reading complications arise and usually go unchecked. These reading difficulties are carri...
In the article Reading Intervention Models: Reading Intervention Models: Challenges of Classroom Support and Separated Instruction by Melissa M. Woodward and Carolyn Talbert-Johnson discussed whether or not pull-out was necessary. Research was conducted by distributing a survey to teachers and reading specialist. They agreed that collaboration was necessary between reading specialist and teachers and that there was a considerable amount of positives in having a pull-out reading program some of which have been listed below.
For this assignment, I completed a survey to assess my school’s literacy program by using a survey that was adapted from by Patty, Maschoff, & Ransom (1996) to analyze the instructional program and the school’s infrastructure. To be able to answer my survey, I needed to go colleagues of mine in the English Department and to my administration to help with these questions. Being a math teacher, we hardly ever discuss the literacy and the students’ acquisition of it in our department meeting during staff development days. Since I am not truly current with literacy acquisition in education, I am hoping to understand more from this process so I can help all my students. I want them to be able to read texts related to math and find information that will be useful to them during the year.
Finding a definition of literacy is not as easy as it sounds. The Webster definition says that to be literate is to be” able to read and write.” But to some researchers, this definition is too simplistic, leading to multiple models of literacy. Most Americans adhere to the autonomous model, which falls closest to the standard, dictionary definition. Believers in this form say that literacy is a cognitive activity that students learn like any other basic skill. It has a set of proficiencies that one must master in order to be capable of decoding and encoding text (Alvermann, 2009; SIL International, 1999). A competing theory is the ideological model, which claims literacy is intrinsically linked to culture, and therefore what constitutes a “literate” individual is ever-changing. Society is the largest influence on literacy, according to this thought, and it is affected by politics, religion, philosophy and more (Alvermann, 2009; SIL International, 1999). These two are just the tip of the iceberg. For example, some studies recognize “literacy as competence,” which is a “measure of competence to do a given task or work in a given field,” (SIL International, 1999) such as being computer literate. Although more researchers are recognizing and exploring multiple literacies, the one that most influences American schools is the autonomous, cognitive model – the ability to read and write. For many, it seems a simple task, but millions of adolescents are struggling or reluctant readers, and there are many reasons why young readers have difficulty with reading. XXXXXX------NEED HELP WITH THESIS STATEMENT HERE PLEASE—(This paper will focus on the effects of low reading skills, some of the possible causes of reluctant and struggling readership...
The causes of reading difficulties often arise because of learning disabilities such as dyslexia, poor preparation before entering school, no value for literacy, low school attendance, insufficient reading instruction, and/or even the way students were taught to read in the early grades. The struggles that students “encounter in school can be seen as socially constructed-by the ways in which schools are organized and scheduled, by assumptions that are made about home life and school abilities, by a curriculum that is often devoid of connections to students’ lives, and by text that may be too difficult for students to read” (Hinchman, and Sheridan-Thomas166). Whatever the reason for the existence of the reading problem initially, by “the time a [student] is in the intermediate grades, there is good evidence that he will show continued reading g...
The recent statistics that the education system could be producing high school graduates who are functionally illiterate is very worrying. Researchers interested in investigating whether the high school education system is producing illiterate graduates investigate the issue by exploring three types of illiteracies; functional, cultural and moral literacy. The most disturbing news is that the level of functional literacy among high school graduates is wanting. Functional literacy “is the inability to read or write well enough to accomplish everyday tasks in modern society” (Sweet Par. 2). According to Lederman, 14 percent of American adults are “functionally illiterate’’. In addition, 29 percent of American adults just have literacy level of a fifth to seventh grade graduate, while 25 percent of high school graduates just have an eighth grade level or below (Lederman par.2-4). From the above information, it is unfortunate that a huge number of students graduate from graduate from high school successfully regardless of the alarming level of functional illiteracy. Fundamentally, something need to be done to reduce the high number of illiterateness among high school graduate, by considering the factors behind the reality that some high school students graduate from high school without adequate reading skills. Reading John Corcoran book “The Teacher Who Couldn’t Read” shows that there is hope for improving the situation but the fundamental step is to identify the reasons why and how functionally illiterate students are allowed to advance to the next grade. This research paper discusses three factors, social promotion, the use of movies instead of book assignments, and cheating in academic tasks.
Illiteracy in America is still growing at an alarming rate and that fact has not changed much since Rudolf Flesch wrote his best-selling expose of reading instruction
School readiness is an important issue that is gaining attention across the country. Children who are lacking in letter knowledge, language skills, and social skills not only disadvantage themselves but also their classmates coming into first grade (Lillard 2012). Students may have a hard time in a traditional classroom where they are forced to work and their time to explore is taken away. Reading comprehension is one of the many important skills that students learn beginning from a young age. Education has shifted to be of more importance for all children, and parents, teachers, and curriculum developers need to have the best resources for helping students learn to be great readers.
Reading disabilities pose the greatest impact in the high school arena of learning disabilities. According to Snow, Bruns, and Griffin, “Among students identified with learning disabilities, [eighty percent] have serious reading problems” (Rathvon 175). Learning disabilities in reading are the inability to understand the meaning of words and comprehension of passages (Horowitz 2). This disability can ...
“Learning to read can be a joyful and natural process” (Holdaway). Mastering literacy skills from an early age is associated with a successful academic career. Achieving familiarity with early literacy skills for children has risen as a controversial topic; if children do not gain these skills from the beginning of their academic development, they tend to have a more difficult time advancing to higher grade levels. Understanding simple reading concepts from an early age will allow young children to successfully master literacy skills. This way, these proactive students will not encounter difficult endeavors along the path to success. While it is important for early literacy learners to be challenged, it is equally important for them to learn reading skills that will allow smooth transitions throughout each school year. Preparing for the future is critical, and young students should start developing these skills as early as possible. Encouraging children to read will help them gain the motivation they need to continue learning throughout the years, especially as reading material becomes more difficult. The initial knowledge that children learn serves as a strong foundation for the learning abilities for their future. In order for children and toddlers to understand the importance of literacy skills from an early age, parents must enroll their children in classes that pay special attention to reading skills to better prepare them for their educational careers in the future.
.... (Elley, p.228) To solve the problem of illiteracy in the U.S. and the world will take time and a better understanding of the many causes that create our society of readers. "The value of literacy for achieving fulfilling, productive, expanding and participating lives of freedom in modern societies is undoubted, and unquestioned. At the same time, however, literacy does not seem to be well understood." &endash;H. Graff (Ed.). (1981). Literacy and social development in the west: A reader.
There is no one answer for having a reading problem in one’s life. These problems could be associated with culture, environment, health, self esteem, teaching styles, etc. There is also no one reason for acquiring a reading difficulty and thusly no one method of intervention will work for all students Reading allows students to do as well as other students in content area classes. Without having, good reading skill students fall behind and see themselves as poor readers. A poor reader will try to avoid reading, will not want to put much effort into reading, and will not be likely to have a high level of comprehension in reading.
Teachers exerted all efforts in their desire to help their pupils read and comprehend. However, many just cope and could hardly decode the printed words. Thus, this inability to read becomes one of the major causes of failure among them which leads to other problems that are either behavioural or personal in nature.
According to Burns, Roe and Smith (2002) “Reading is a combination of many skills leading to the construction of meaning, through integrating prior knowledge with information presented in the text.” The aim of reading is to communicate thoughts and ideas through written language. Over the years The Ministry of Education in Jamaica, educators, parents, and politicians continue to express concern over the low literacy rates demonstrated by schools especially at the grade four level where they sit the Grade Four Literacy Test. Although researchers pursue the root of reading disabilities and effective reading methods, concern is still expressed by teachers that many students cannot read at their instructional grade level. Several reading interventions and methods for remediation have been designed and implemented to increase reading fluency. As a result of these interventions, some students who struggle to
readers: A perspective for research and intervention ―[Electronic version]. Scientific Studies of Reading, 11(4), 289-312.
They do not possess adequate reading skills to grasp the information or the meaning underlying in the text. For instance, the United States of America, which is one of the developed countries in the world, grapples to cope with this problem. According to the U.S Department of Education, thirty-million Americans are considered illiterate and are unable to complete job applications or understand health care forms. The literacy rates among fourth grade students in America are struggling. Sixty-six percent (66%) of all U.S fourth graders scored “below proficient” on the 2013 National Assessment of Education Progress (NAEP) reading test are not reading at grade level. Even more alarming is the fact that among students from low-income backgrounds, 80 percent (80%) scored below grade level in reading. Reading proficiency among middle school students is not much better. On the 2013 NAEP reading test, about 22 percent (22%) of eighth graders scored below the “basic level”, and only 36 percent of eighth graders were at or above grade level. Accordingly, over 60 percent (60%) of inmates in the U.S prison system have reading skills at or below the fourth grade level; 85 percent of U.S juveniles in prison are functionally illiterate; percent set of adults with extremely low reading skills live at or below the poverty line; nearly two-thirds of students who reach the