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Influences on mass media
Influences on mass media
Negative effects of media influence
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Recommended: Influences on mass media
Assessment of Debates on Media Effects
A long history lies behind question about how communication affects or
influences people. Greeks developed sophisticated hypothesis about how
to impress listeners through the spoken word and Aristotle was
concerned with theorizing the art of speaking. Even nowadays in
face-to-face conversations each of us mobilizes theories about how to
influence our listeners. For instance, we wish to make others
understand how we feel or what we think. Today, mass communication
studies have developed as a discipline with a focus on television and
newspapers and, to a lesser extent, cinema and radio. Thanks to mass
communication technologies a programme can now be viewed globally, so
that questions about effects have thus become more complex.
The origin of modern media studies is usually located in 1930s Germany
associated with work by scholars such as Adorno, Marcuse and
Horkheimer. Their theories were developed in response to Germany’s
descent into fascism. This work, collectively known as ‘The Frankfurt
School’, theorized that social disintegration left people vulnerable
to propaganda. This School promoted a ‘hypodermic model’ of media
effects whereby messages were directly absorbed into the minds of the
people. Many other theories and approaches to the media have developed
since then; but nowadays, as we will see, this model is discredited.
More recently studies have revealed the diverse ways in which
different people may respond to the same programme. Theses researchers
highlight the fact that the messages ‘decoded’ by audiences are not
necessarily those intended by the programme producers. How we res...
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to be seen like that’.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Barker, M. and Petley, J. (2001) ‘Introduction: from bad research to
good – a guide for the perplexed’ in III Effects: The Media/Violence
Debate. London: Routledge, pp.1-26.
Cumberbatch, G. ‘Effects’ and Kitzinger, J. ‘Impacts and influences’
in Briggs, A. and Cobley, P. (eds) (2002) The Media: An Introduction
(Second Edition) London: Longman.
Gauntlett, D. (1998) ‘Ten things wrong with the effects model’ in
Dickinson, R. et al (eds) Approaches to Audiences: A Reader, London:
Arnold, pp.120-130.
Grossberg, L. et al (1998)‘Media and Behaviour’ and ‘Debates Over
Media Effects’ in MediaMaking: Mass Media in a Popular Culture, pp.
277-235.
Turow, J (1999) ‘Mass Media Issues’ in Media Today: An Introduction to
Mass Communication, Houghton Mifflin: Boston, MA.
Media, the plural form of medium, describes various ways in which we communicate in society. A phone call, email, radio, computer, news on TV, etc. are all forms of media. In our society today, the media plays a significantly large role in influencing society negatively, twisting one’s perspective of the truth. In author Brooke Gladstone’s, The Influencing Machine, she discusses how media is looked at as an “influencing machine,” that’s controlling the mind of its viewers. Throughout the reading, Gladstone guides her readers through perceptions of media and how it influences them to get readers to understand the truth about media and the manipulation behind it.
The hypodermic syringe model suggest that the media is alike a magic bullet and when an audience is targeted it will immediately be knocked down when they are hit. The hypodermic-syringe model also suggests that society is passive and the media “inject” their media influence into society and manipulates it. The Frankfurt school envisioned the media as a hypodermic syringe, and the contents of the media were injected into the thoughts of the audience, who accepted the attitudes, opinions and beliefs expressed by the media without question. This model was a response to the German fascist’s use of film and radio for propaganda, and later applied to American capitalist society. The followers of the hypodermic model of Effects adopted a variant of Marxism, emphasizing the dangers of the power of capitalism, which owned and controlled new forms of media.
According to John Davidson's essay Menace to Society, "three-quarters of Americans surveyed [are] convinced that movies, television and music spur young people to violence." While public opinion is strong, the results of research are divided on the effects of media violence on the youth in this country. Davidson wrote that most experts agree that some correlation between media violence and actual violent acts exists, yet the results are contradictory and researchers quibble about how the effects are to be measured (271). Moreover, Davidson is not convinced that the media is the sole problem of violence, or even a primary problem. He points out that other factors, such as "poverty, the easy accessibility of guns, domestic abuse, [and] social instability" may have a greater impact on a child becoming violent than the influence of the media (277). Even though other forces may be stronger, media violence does have some adverse effects on the members of society. If senseless violence on television and in movies had no effect, it would not be such a hotly debated topic. What type of effects and whom they affect are the most argued aspects of the discussion.
The media, including television programming, cartoons, film, the news, as well as literature and magazines, is a very powerful and pervasive medium for expression. It can reach a large number of people and convey ideas, cultural norms, stereotypic roles, power relationships, ethics, and values. Through these messages, the mass media may have a strong influence on individual behavior, views, and values, as well as in shaping national character and culture. Although there is a great potential for the media to have a positive and affirming effect on the public and society at large, there may be important negative consequences when the messages conveyed are harmful, destructive, or violent.
Javier, Rafael Art., William G. Herron, and Louis Primavera. “Violence and the Media: A Psychological
David. "Mass Media and the Loss of Individuality." Web log post. Gatlog. N.p., 11 Sept. 2007. Web. 10 May 2014.
Mass Media. Ed. William Dudley. Farmington Hills, MI: Thompson Gale, 2005. 121-130.
Theories About Media's Effect on People People have invented many different theories as to why and how the media can affect people. 1. ' The Hypodermic Model' The Hypodermic model suggests that the messages from the media go directly into the minds of viewers, because they present information in such a powerful way that people immediately take it in and believe. For example 'The John Leslie scandal'. People reading this story, especially in a tabloid would instantly think that he did rape Ulrika Johnson, even though she had never said so herself and the reader has no evidence.
Croteau, D., Hoynes, W., & Milan, S. (2012). Media/society (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Campbell, Richard. Media & Culture: an introduction to mass communication. Bedford/St. Martin?s: Boston, N.Y. 2005.
Media also influences the thinking of people and society in general through entertainment as well as advertising and marketing campaigns. It is the creative ideas and boost to the imagination that people get once they watch a television show, movie, commercial or listen to a certain song. The impact any of these forms of media can have on an individual’s thinking can change in that most of them view the various stars in the movies, TV or the music industry as role models and as a result, they start imitating them. This type of influence oftentimes will influence the way someone views a political
Media is used by dominant powers to spread their ideological beliefs and to help maintain social control. Althusser (1971) explains that, as an ideological state apparatus, media doesn’t use pressure as a way to bind society together under one dominant ideology, but instead uses the will of the people to make them accept the dominant ideology. However, media is also used as a way for people to challenge the dominant ideology. Newspapers, for example, will have articles that openly criticise and oppose the dominant ideology for what it is, whilst at the same time providing perspectives and opinions on different ideologies (such as feminism) that society can believe in. Although these alternate ideological perspectives exist, they are usually overlooked and only ever reach small audiences. Ideology can also help us understand the media because of the way in which it distributes ideology. A lot of different types of media, such as film and TV; reflect different ideologies, though we are not always aware that they are doing so. An example of this would be action/adventure films, which shows that using force or violence to solve problems is acceptable and reflects upon certain ideologies. This helps us to understand the media because the ideology that is reflected in these films is capable of reaching big audiences through the use of TV and film, thus allowing for it to become a more common belief within
The mass media has played a key role in shaping people’s lives. The modern society’s use of mass media including TV, radio, newspaper, as well as print media has largely influenced people’s ideas regarding themselves and the society at large. This is evident from their behavior towards themselves and their community as well as their treatment of the environment. While some experts believe that the media is to blame for most of the negative behavioral traits among the active members of society, the majority agree that the media makes people understand and develop a positive sense of association with their society within which they live, making it easy for them to identify and get their role in it.
In our democratic society, mass media is the driving force of public opinion. Media sources such as Internet, newspaper, news-broadcasts, etc, play significant roles in shaping a person’s understanding and perception about the events occurred in our daily lives. As long as the newspapers, internet, network television, etc, continued to be easily accessible to the public, the media will continue to have an influence in shaping its opinions. Factors such as agenda-setting, framing and priming help shape the public opinions. Agenda-setting is when the media focuses their attention on selected issues on which the public will form opinion on, whereas framing allows the media to select certain aspects about the problem and then make them appear more salient. Similarly, priming works by repeatedly exposing certain issues to public. As the issues get more exposure, the individual will be more likely to recall or retain the information in their minds. This paper will discuss these three factors played out systemically by media and how our opinions are constantly being influence and shape by them.
In order to understand how media can affect society or individuals, it is first necessary to look at different approaches that can be taken to analyze the media. According to the book Media Now, there are two main approaches that are used: the deductive approach and the inductive approach. The deductive approach is when a social scientist first comes up with theories or predictions through systematic observations of the media, and then uses the results of their research to support the theory or prove it false. An inductive approach is slightly opposite because this method looks first at peoples interactions with media and with each other, and then creates theories from the real-life situational research. The inductive approach tends to be used more frequently because its theories are based off real instances. Another difference in the ways to approach researching the effects of media is how some social scientists are interested in quantitative information while others are more interested in qualitative information. Quantitative information is when the desired results are as many as possible, while qualitative information is when the desired results are made up of the best, most useful information. All of these approaches and methods of research influence how social scientists determine the ways that media effects society and individuals. The kinds of studies done by these social scientists create detailed profiles of media and its content, and identify trends overtime. For example, one study found that exposure to alcohol advertising and television programming has been shown to be associated with positive beliefs about drinking and alcohol consumption (Austin 2).