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Culture and diversity quizlet
Racial and ethnic disparities in the U.S. health care system
Racial and ethnic disparities in the U.S. health care system
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Cultural Diversity
Introduction
Cultural diversity encompasses the cultural differences that exist between populations, such as language, clothing and way of life, and the way societies systematize themselves, their idea of morality and religion, and the way they interact with the environment. In many countries, such as the United States (U.S.), while we claim to commemorate cultural diversity, there is a ensnarl of cultures over time. Some of this comes in the enjoyment of another culture, such as those of Native Americans (NA) and American Indians (AI), Blacks, Asians, and Hispanic population.
Diverse Cultures
What shapes us is culture; it configures our personality and affects our behavior. Culture is our way of being; moreover, it refers
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to our language, beliefs, values, behaviors, and much more. Ethnic group encompasses a multitude of different races. There are many ethnic groups in the U.S., due to its immigrant population; each group contributes to the U.S. growing cultural heritage. Native American and American Indian American Indians (AI) and Alaska Natives (AN) are societies having ancestries in any of the original people of North and South America and who maintain tribal association (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2015). Disproportionately risk factors. American Indians/Alaska Natives tend to have greater occurrence rates for some health care problems including: teen pregnancy, infant mortality, HIV/AIDS, obesity, diabetes, mental health, alcohol use, or smoking & tobacco use. Leading cause of death. There are many leading cause of death that affect AN and AI including: heart disease, cancer, diabetes, stroke, suicide, kidney diseases, Unintentional Injuries, chronic liver disease & cirrhosis, and chronic lower respiratory diseases. Tribes. According to the CDC, there are 566 federally recognized AI and AN tribes, and more than 100 state recognized tribes. Tribes also exist that are not state or federally acknowledged. Tribes that are federally acknowledged are provided health care and educational aid through Indian Health Service (IHS), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Economics: The average household earnings for American Indian and Alaska Natives is $37,300, as compared to $56,500 for non-Hispanic Whites. About 30 percent of AI and AN age 16 and up work in supervision and skilled professions, in comparison to 40 percent of Whites (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Minority Health, 2015). Also, in 2012 26 percent of this tribal group live at the poverty level, as compared to 11percent of non-Hispanic Whites (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Minority Health, 2015). Healing methods. Many healing practices and spiritual ceremonies that are being practiced by healing practitioners and groups of metaphysical have been adopted from traditions that initiated from various AI and AN tribes (Sage, 2001). The past indicates that each tribe would have one or more elders who specialized in the art of healing. These people would assist as herbalists, healers, and spirit communicators (Sage, 2001). The responsibilities and types of healing arts and spiritual rituals executed would, as you would expect, vary from tribe to tribe. Black Population The African American/ Black culture is the unique cultural influences of African descent. The culture is rooted in the history of the African-American people which has and established itself to be a colossal impact to the American culture. The African American/ Black culture is a combined cultural result of the sub-Saharan African and other related African cultures (Lindsay, 1998). Though slavery practice dictated the African ancestry to control their cultural ethnicities, many practices, values, and principles, they have progressed in an exceptional way after being modified by the white culture (Lindsay, 1998). Emphasized by the slavery times, the African American culture has developed into a culture that is dynamic which has been prosperous in having a deep impact on the culture of America, and all the cultures across the world. Healing methods. There are many traditional healing methods, which include: voodoo, prayer, pica, home remedies, and alternative medicine. Leading death. The leading cause of death in relation to Blacks/African Americans include: heart disease, cancer, stroke, unintentional injuries, diabetes, chronic lower respiratory disease, nephritis, nephrotic syndrome & nephrosis, homicide, sepsis and Alzheimer’s disease (U.S. Census Bureau, 2011). Health disparities. Numerous factors contribute to African Americans/Blacks health disparities, including socioeconomic factors, lifestyle behaviors, social environment, and access to preventive health-care services. Cultural sensitivity and awareness. Communication with black patients can be better and patient care improved if health care providers bridge the gap amongst the culture of medicine and the principles and practices of the patient’s value systems. All in all, these may be established on tradition, nationality of family origin, age, religion, and so on. Asian Population Asian culture are associated with many elements that make up their culture (Lee, 2000). Many date back many moons ago. Moreover, others cultures are in the process of being shaped. Amongst the traditional selections, religion, faith and spirituality have always been significant to Asian population, as they have been for many generations before (Lee, 2000). However, within the diversity of the Asian population, comes diversity in our practices and religious beliefs. Healing methods.
Asian medicine was coined in ancient China and has changed over thousands of years. Herbal medicines and mind and body practices, such as tai chi and acupuncture were used to treat health problems and prevent them. Today many of these ancient Asian healing methods are practiced and still used in Western Medicine (Cameron, Torkelson, Haddow, Namdul, Prasek, & Gross, 2012).
Cultural sensitivity and awareness. Asians are group-oriented, they are people who place a robust importance on family connection as the major source of identity and safety (Lee, 2000). The Asian family model is a protracted one including immediate family and relatives. Asian cultures are naturally high context cultures in which gesture, body language, eye contact, word stress, and so on are as important. Usually polite, Asian in social encounters whereas Americans, are comfortable with very direct questions and sometimes answers and often seem abrupt when conversing about cultures (Lee, 2000).
Health disparities. Numerous factors contribute to Asians health disparities,
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including Occasional medical visits due to the fear of banishment, language and cultural barriers, and the deficiency of health insurance. Leading cause of death. Asian leading causes of death is cancer, heart disease, stroke, unintentional injuries, and diabetes. Asian death rates for the listed conditions are less than other ethnic populations (Lee, 2000). Hispanic Community Hispanic population has tremendous grown in the U.S.
The Hispanic family is a close-knit group and the most important social unit. Other things that define Hispanics is that they have a firm handshake which is a common practice between people when greeting and leaving. A hug and a kiss that is light on a cheek is common.
Healing methods. Customarily, Hispanics use healers. Healers were a vital part of the Hispanic beliefs. Also, their beliefs said that family members (female) or neighbors were consulted when there was a sign of sickness. Home remedies were the first used for treatment.
Cultural sensitivity and awareness. Many readings discussed that listening is important and that body language and facial expressions needs to be made aware of by the provider or any other health care clinician.
Health disparities. The same as African Americans, Hispanic disparities include: socioeconomic factors, lifestyle behaviors, social environment, and access to preventive health-care services (Almendrala, 2015).
Leading cause of death. The leading cause of death is similar to the black population, which includes heart disease, cancer, stroke, unintentional injuries, diabetes, chronic lower respiratory disease, and homicide.
Disproportionately risk factors. Hispanics endure an uneven burden of disease, injury, death, and disability when compared with non-Hispanic
whites. Conclusion Cultural diversity can sometimes lead to cultural conflicts. When dissimilar ideas and beliefs collide, the results can range from misinformed patients, hurt feelings, increased tension to outright hostility and even a continued cultural disaster that will take years to neutralize. In order to minimize barriers and misunderstanding, health care providers must educate themselves to better understand the different ethnic groups that drive our health care system culturally. Developing a culturally competent attitude is the best way to fully understand cultural diversity. It is vital that providers also view all people as special individuals and recognize that their knowledge, beliefs, principles and language affect their ways of interacting. Nevertheless, all health care related professionals need to be aware that dissimilarities exist within cultures. It is never wrong to accept that a mutual culture is shared by all related racial members, or linguistic group.
All minority groups experience discrimination which leads to increased levels of stress in those individuals. As the level of stress goes up, so does the risk for several health complications including those related to mental health. Wells, Klap, Koike, and Sherbourne (2001) conducted a study examining the disparities in mental health care among black, Hispanic, and white Americans. Of those Hispanics in the study (n=617), 16.6% of them had a probable mental disorder compared to 13.4% of whites (n=7,299). Hispanics also had a higher incidence of substance abuse problems with 9% of those surveyed meeting criteria compared to 7.6% of whites. Hispanics also had the least reported perceived need for treatment with 10.4% for mental health and only 1.3% for substance abuse. A clinician treating Antonio should keep in mind that he has a higher likelihood of having a mental illness or substance use disorder than a white client as well as the fact that if he does meet the criteria for either, that he probably does not believe he needs
Urrutia-Rojas, X., Marshall, K., Trevino, E., Lurie, S. G., & Minguia-Bayona, G. (2006). Disparities in access to health care and health status between documented and undocumented Mexican immigrants in North Texas. Hispanic Health Care International , 4 (1), 5-14.
If we were to apply a longitude exposure study over the span of 42 years from the time an inner-city child is born, we may conclude that life experiences resulting from potential malnutrition, underprivileged environments, and overall lack of health education are the leading contributors to adult African American deaths. Studies show that 8 of the 10 leading causes in the deaths of African Americans are medical diseases, which with proper education and care may have been prevented and/or addressed earlier in their lives to diagnose and treat. Heart Disease is the leading cause of death for African Americans. When compared to other ethnicities, some form of heart disease causes 24.5% of African American deaths. These numbers are astounding considering Blacks make up approximately only 14.2% of the total U.S. population.
The Latino community is considered the largest demographic minority in the United States and is expect to increase by approximately 15% in 2050 (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2002). The Latino population is comprised of many subgroups from many different regions that have developed unique beliefs, norms, and sociopolitical experiences. Although the term Latino is used throughout this paper, it is important to underscore the great diversity found within the Latino community to avoid the development and perpetuation of stereotypes. In clinical practice, it is important to evaluate the individual in terms of their racial identity, acculturation, and socioeconomic status among other factors to create a more individualized and effective treatment
Diabetes is a prevalent health disparity among the Latino population. Diabetes is listed as the fifth leading cause of death among the Latino population in the website for Center for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC, in 2009. According to McBean, “the 2001 prevalence among Hispanics was significantly higher than among blacks.” (2317) In other words among the Hispanic or Latino community, there is a higher occurrence of diabetes as compared to other racial/ethnic groups such as Blacks and Native Americans. The prevalence of diabetes among Latinos is attributed to the social determinants of health such as low socioeconomic status and level of education. Further, this becomes an important public health issue when it costs the United States $174 billion in both direct and indirect costs, based on the 2007 The National Diabetes Fact Sheet released by the CDC. In turn, medical expenses are twice as high for a patient that has diabetes as opposed to one without. Finally, this high cost becomes another barrier to receiving care for Latinos when some are in the low socioeconomic status.
The term Hispanic is used to describe Spanish speaking natives. Spanish is one of the fastest expanding languages in the world and accounts for 21 different countries as their official language. About half of Hispanics originate in Mexico, and there is a lot diversity within the 21 Hispanics countries, therefore even their own traditions and heritages will be specific to them. It is also important to remember that most Hispanics do not like to be referred to as Hispanic but instead from where they reside; for example, Mexican American and Puerto Rican. Hispanics are very family oriented and they consider the oldest male to be the figure of authority, although when it comes to important decisions, the whole family contributes. Other important
"Hispanics have more deaths from diabetes and chronic liver disease than whites, and similar numbers of deaths from kidney disease" (CDC, 2015). Even though the percentage of Hispanics suffering from high blood pressure is 17% in comparison to 20% of whites. Hispanics are 68% who suffer from poorly controlled high blood pressure compared to whites which are 54%. Health risks may vary among Hispanic subgroups and whether they are US born or not. Lower death rate is suffered by the Hispanic than whites.
However, Asians are rapidly becoming a greater force in American culture as the proportion of educated Asian-Americans rises. Despite small numbers, they begin to have more and more influence in the business and professional worlds as well as academics. They are an interesting group, however, caught between two extremely different cultures as they seek to strike a balance between the ideals of their parents and the world they live in.
In the Mexican American culture family is the center of social life. Daily life is constructed around immediate family and events. Families gather for just about any occasion, extended family gather for birthdays, funerals, births and holidays, sometimes for no particular occasion at all. Mexican Americans get together to go to church, shopping, have dinner, go out dancing and watch games on television, there’s always an excuse to call family and get together. The elderly are extremely important in Mexican American families and are taken care of at home.
The Hispanic community represents many nationalities and ethnicities, including Mexicans, Cubans, Puerto Ricans, 15 Central and South American countries, Spain, and the Dominican Republic (Cattan, 1993). Hispanic group are well known in the workforce, politics, education, social economic and religion. The Spanish culture influences a variety of areas such as music, food, language. Most languages are rooted in Latin. It is always good to learn about other cultures if we expect the same consideration when we visit other countries. Differences are what make life interesting. Majority of the United States is built on immigration, which has made this country the most diverse. And the Hispanic group contributes to that diversity.
The Latino and Hispanic culture has many differences that truly make it unique. This culture is compiled of people living in the United States but have lineage from Cuba, Brazil, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Mexico, and El Salvador, and other Latin American countries (Sue & Sue, 2007). The terms Hispanic and Latino tend to be used interchangeably in the United States for people with origins in Spanish-speaking or Portuguese-speaking countries, like Mexico, Costa Rica, and Brazil. Contrary to many beliefs, Hispanic is not a race, but an ethnicity. Hispanic is a term created by the U.S. federal government in the early 1970s in an attempt to provide a common denominator to a large, but diverse, population with connection to the Spanish language or culture from a Spanish-speaking country ( U.S. Census Bureau, 2010). It is imperative to be mindful of the distinctive differences that exist within the sub-groups and between the different groups. Similarly, to the African American culture it is important to know the history of the culture.
The label Hispanic is a term used in the United States to label “common” groups of people who may migrate to the United States, live in the United States, and or are here in the United States illegally. The three main groups are Mexican Americans, Cuban Americans, and last but not least Puerto Rican Americans. Each group has a unique experience in American, and have taken different paths with their time state side. Putting these three groups of people under one label is ridiculous. These people are from different countries, speak different languages, and have different cultures. It is quite wrong to label them all as “Hispanic.”
Traditional Chinese Medicine: An Introduction [NCCAM Backgrounder]. (n.d.).National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine [NCCAM] - nccam.nih.gov Home Page. Retrieved December 11, 2011, from http://nccam.nih.gov/health/whatiscam/chinesemed.htm
Culture has been a pervasive part of humanity since the beginning of civilization. Wood (2010), professor of communications, defines culture as "the totality of beliefs, values, understandings, practices, and ways of interpreting experience that are shared by a number of people" (p 78). The way I see it, culture shapes an individual and creates their worldview. Each culture emphasizes an important aspect of the humans and displays the complexities of our species. Even though culture includes many elements, I will discuss one of Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions, Individualism, and explain how it creates a high or low context culture.
Culture is the social behavior and norms found in a particular group of people and society, defined by everything from language, religion, food, habits, music, and values. In one line, culture is the people's way of life. Culture is also the distinction between nature and nurture. The term nature means what we get biologically or naturally and the term nurture means how our surroundings shape our identities. People genetically get some ability and similarity just like their family members. But in some case, their culture may be similar or different. If a child born in an Indian society and raised in the European society, that child may follow European culture more effectively. Cultural sociologists study for how different cultural elements