Annotated Bibliography
Hormazi, A. M., & Giles, S. (2004). DATA MINING: A COMPETITIVE WEAPON FOR BANKING AND RETAIL INDUSTRIES. Information Systems Management, 21(2), 62-71. Retrieved from https://tamiu.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/214122842?accountid=7081
In this article Hormazi, Amir, Giles, Stacy mention the importance of Data mining and how it has now become an indispensable tool for every industry. Data mining allows people to access valuable information of large amounts of data collected to be organized to gain an upper hand versus other competitors. This tool allows insurances, financial and retail institutions to access information on their consumers at the speed of light by narrowing down specific information.
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Such as their address and name or social security can be used in order to access information for a customer. This information also allows industries to create trends based off of the information gathered from the simple information of the customer held in the databases. Allowing industries to know how to target their consumers in future products. Kara Giannopoulos, G. D., Georgopoulos, N., & Nikolopoulos, K. (2005). Fathoming porter's five forces model in the internet era. Info : The Journal of Policy, Regulation and Strategy for Telecommunications, Information and Media, 7(6), 66-76. Retrieved from https://tamiu.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.proquest.com.tamiu.idm.oclc.org/docview/274905530?accountid=7081 In this article Karagiannopoulos, Georgopoulous, and Nikolopoulos take into account the importance of Michael Porter five forces in a business. However, they also place great importance in how the internet has also allowed changes in the industry for both the consumer and producers side of each spectrum. Similarly as to how the telephone once changed how every industry was also utilizing that technology one hundred years ago as well to improve their businesses and others were not greatly enforcing its use depending on their industries. Taking into account the ubiquity of the internet people have greater access to information making it much more difficult to join an industry since there are now various ways to compete in gaining a consumer to purchase your products or ideas. This can affect certain industries that may not have relied on the internet have vanished since other industries have taken over. Kurzweil, R. (2006). Reinventing humanity: The future of machine-human intelligence. The Futurist, 40(2), 39-40, 42-46. Retrieved from https://tamiu.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/218573816?accountid=7081 In this article Kurzweil mentions the importance of immerging artificial intelligence with mankind.
Also stating how technology is increasing exponentially in the process. This being said we will reach Singularity which is a theory Kurzweil believes civilization will not be able to surpass the artificial intelligence we have established and has reached its acceleration within the curve that increase exponentially. This technology that will allow this to happen is a genetic revolution which will allow us to change our DNA which could be for essential uses or for esthetics. Nanotechnology Revolution will allow atoms to rebuild essentially every aspect of our lives such as our brains, bodies, and our tangible world. Utilizing this in our technology medically and for the military in order to advance in our daily needs. Lastly the robotic revolution, robots will have more capacity for information than a human will due to so many advancements leading for them to possibly replacing humans in their …show more content…
jobs. Smith, R. E. (2016). Idealizations of uncertainty, and lessons from artificial intelligence. Economics, 10(7), 1-40A. doi:http://dx.doi.org.tamiu.idm.oclc.org/10.5018/economics-ejournal.ja.2016-7 In this article Smith mentions how Keynesian economic model and Artificial Intelligence collided in order to determine how possibly this could lead to the replacement of human employees due to Artificial Intelligence.
However there may be some unforeseen details designers of artificial intelligence may not take into account and may lead to uncertainty and problems arising from this. Smith fears that although there may be advancements there will be various flaws in which computers will not be able to adapt enough to replace humans to a full extent. Maybe there will be more computer based job forces required if this were to take place. Smith does believe that if artificial intelligence were to improve enough to make adjustment to unforeseen events to adapt to artificial intelligence would not lead to much uncertainty in the
future. Stonehouse, G., & Snowdon, B. (2007). Competitive advantage revisited: Michael porter on strategy and competitiveness. Journal of Management Inquiry, 16(3), 256-273. Retrieved from https://tamiu.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.proquest.com.tamiu.idm.oclc.org/docview/203314694?accountid=7081 In this article Stonehouse and Snowdon place an importance in Michael Porters five forces however they place great focus on how strategic management is changed in the process of academic discipline and reflecting on how management is done. Learning from Porters studies they are able to learn how to improve a firm by changing their strategy to become low cost producers and still generate revenue without changing the product too much in diminishing its cost to produce it. Competitive advantage is gained by seeking unique firm specific strategies that will improve how the firm runs and make the firm attractive towards its consumers. Utilizing these techniques in a firm managers and their employees will be able to suit the needs and surpass the expectations of their consumers need for a service or product by applying these every day and learning from other industries as well. Zimerman, M. (2010). Technology and privacy erosion in united states libraries: A personal viewpoint. New Library World, 111(1), 7-15. doi:http://dx.doi.org.tamiu.idm.oclc.org/10.1108/03074801011015649 In this article Zimmerman mentions how the United States valued its privacy however as years passed and acts of terrorism increased our privacy has depleted in the course. Although privacy is protected by the Constitution with the fourth amendment our society is now lacking the protection of everyone’s privacy. We are no longer granted privacy at work, during our telephone conversations along with our keystroke and websites visited on our computers. Every aspect of our lives are now being monitored by the government. With cameras or sensors in public areas. This has all taken place due to the Patriot act enacted upon us all in 2001 after 9/11. In addition to this our smart cards are also now allowing us privacy either since they also allow vendors to learn and target to us future purchases and the government may also use this towards their advantage as well since the algorithm of these cards may be picked up easily.
... in 21th century, and it might already dominate humans’ life. Jastrow predicted computer will be part of human society in the future, and Levy’s real life examples matched Jastrow’s prediction. The computer intelligence that Jastrow mentioned was about imitated human brain and reasoning mechanism. However, according to Levy, computer intelligence nowadays is about developing AI’s own reasoning pattern and handling complicated task from data sets and algorithms, which is nothing like human. From Levy’s view on today’s version of AI technology, Jastrow’s prediction about AI evolution is not going to happen. As computer intelligence does not aim to recreate a human brain, the whole idea of computer substitutes human does not exist. Also, Levy said it is irrelevant to fear AI may control human, as people in today’s society cannot live without computer intelligence.
When talking about the future of technology, one can only imagine what it will be down the road. The future of technology evokes many questions about the preservation of human existence, human advancement and intelligence. Some writers even discuss their positions on the future of technology and human kind. Writers such as James J. Bell, who explains the theory of the ‘Singularity’. In summary, he states that the rate of technological advancement, compared to human intelligence, will one day reach the ‘singularity’ were it will surpass the human mind (pg. 52). We may never know if technology will ever have the power to surpass the human intellect or what the consequences will be if it does attain these capabilities. Will humans still maintain control over them, or will they control us? Theses eight articles illustrate the implicit and explicit control that technology holds over humans in the future.
CarMax faces challenges from several fronts that could threaten to disrupt their growth plans and their position as a disruptor in the used car market. The biggest challenge they face is being able to continuously secure a study supply of high quality used cars, due to the extremely competitive nature of the used car market. CarMax offers cutting edge technology to help the company identify buying trends, pricing trends, and consumer preferences down to the zip code that gave them a large competitive advantage, as “data mining” has matured and competitors have developed their own software tools, eroding the competitive advantage to CarMax.
Frozen bodies, brains uploaded to computers, and the singularity - the point when robots surpass human intelligence. According to Ray Kurzweil and other spectators, this is what lies in the inevitable future. A century ago, people considered eternal life to be unachievable and a concept only related to the ancient gods. Futurists and scientists have recently started to believe that immortality is within our reach, which has captivated human interest. People find the concept promising and continue to invest in the process, without realizing the potential dangers that come with it. The technological revolution has spurned both societal ignorance and greed, and it will continue to degrade human values leaving future generations craving more than before.
Throughout the article, Ford uses data to provide information on the current state of unemployment. He notes that from analysis, it was determined that the U.S. market is highly polarized from existing technology. Because of this polarization, it will be challenging for workers to find new jobs, if AI becomes more widespread and used. Ford concludes that, “it becomes somewhat difficult to imagine just what jobs might be left for even the most capable human works” if AI ever matches or exceeds human intelligence.
Joel Garreau believes that we are moving towards a post-human future where humanity will no longer exist as we know it to. Just as Paul Virilio states that we are becoming the technology. The merging of people and technology will make how we understand what it means to be human no longer applying. There could still be “natural” people but there will also be “enhanced” people relying on the latest GRIN technology to augment their abilities.
Currently, computers can calculate and run algorithms much faster than humans, and if strong A.I. was to exist, these technological beings would be intelligently superior to human kind. Elon Musk, a world renowned technological genius, fears Silicon Valley’s rush into artificial intelligence, because he believes it poses a threat to humanity (Dowd, Maureen). Musk stated that “one reason to colonize Mars – so that we’ll have a bolt-hole if A.I. goes rogue and turns on humanity” (Dowd, Maureen). The possibility of this outcome is real because if strong A.I. was to exist, they have the potentially to surpass humans in every aspect. The main difference between A.I. and humans is that humans are conscious beings that can think for themselves. If A.I. was to develop consciousness, they would be able to do every task much more efficiently than humans. According to Stephen Hawking, “If people design computer viruses, someone will design AI that improves and replicates itself. This will be a new form of life that outperforms humans” (Sulleyman, Aatif). This world-renowned physicist believes that A.I. will begin to self-improve upon themselves through an algorithm that allows A.I. to learn. Ultimately, this technological being will advance to a point where it realizes that it does not need humans anymore. “Back in 2015, he [Stephen Hawking] also
To begin, the main issue of development of Artificial Intelligence is the economic factors. Firstly, one of the main negative effects of AI on economy is unemployment. According to the suggesting of Carl Benedikt Frey and Michael A. Osborne of Oxford University during next 20 years 47 per cent of all USA jobs under the threat and will be replaced with intelligence machines (Vincent). If jobs will be automated, people will lose their workplaces and it is becomes one of the harmful problems not only for economy, but also for society. Because, if people will not have a workplace, they will not be able to provide their needs. Furthermore, development of AI can be a reason of increasing inequality of wages. For instance, the salaries of computer workers approximately earn 10 to 15 percent more than others. (Frey and Osborne). It is also one of the economic problems because it can lead to discontent of workers who hav...
Companies have transformed technology from a supporting tool into a strategic weapon.”(Davenport, 2006) In business research, technology has become an essential means that many organizations use in their daily operations. According to the article, Analytics is a major technological tool used. It is described as “the extensive use of data, statistical and quantitative analysis, explanatory and predictive models, and fact-based management to drive decisions and actions."(Davenport, 2006) Data is compiled to enhance business practices. When samples are taken, they are used to examine research and understand how to solve problems or why situations are as they are. Furthermore, in this article, Thomas Davenport discusses analytics from a business standpoint. He refers to organizations that have been successful in their usage of data and statistical analysis. In addition, he also discusses how data and statistics can be vital in the efforts to improve the operations of businesses.
In today’s society, technology has become more advanced than the human’s mind. Companies want to make sure that their information systems stay up-to-date with the rapidly growing technology. It is very important to senior-level executives and board of directions of companies that their systems can produce the right and best information for their company to result in a greater outcome and new organizational capabilities. Big data and data analytics are one of those important factors that contribute to a successful company and their updated software and information systems.
“The Singularity is a future period, [in] which technological change will be so rapid and its impact so profound that every aspect of human life will be irreversibly transformed.” –Ray Kurzweil. The concept of singularity was borrowed from physics, where it is used to describe the fact that all known laws of physics break down at a black hole (a space-time singularity), and no information can escape its event horizon. The technological singularity represents an intelligence event horizon where various future technologies such as artificial intelligence, nanotechnology, genetic engineering, and robotics will synergize to create ultra-intelligent “post-human” beings and AI that far surpass the intelligence of normal humans. At this point a positive feedback loop will occur between post-humans and AI; designing successively and increasingly intelligent minds/AI, which will result in change becoming so rapid that it becomes impossible to predict anything beyond this point, from our current vantage point.
When most people think of artificial intelligence they might think of a scene from I, Robot or from 2001: A Space Odyssey. They might think of robots that highly resemble humans start a revolution against humanity and suddenly, because of man’s creation, man is no longer the pinnacle of earth’s hierarchy of creatures. For this reason, it might scare people when I say that we already utilize artificial intelligence in every day society. While it might not be robots fighting to win their freedom to live, or a defense system that decides humanity is the greatest threat to the world, artificial intelligence already plays a big role in how business is conducted today.
From the first imaginative thought to manipulate nature to the development of complex astronomical concepts of space exploration, man continues to this day to innovate and invent products or methods that improve and enhance humankind. Though it has taken 150 million years to reach current day, the intellectual journey was not gradual in a linear sense. If one was to plot significant events occurring throughout human existence, Mankind’s ability to construct new ideas follows a logarithmic path, and is rapidly approaching an asymptote, or technological singularity. This singularity event has scientists both supporting and rejecting the concept of an imaginative plateau; the largest topic discussed is Artificial Intelligence (A.I.). When this technological singularity is reached, it is hypothesized that man’s greatest creation, an artificial sapient being, will supersede human brain capacity. According to some, this event will lead to the extermination of mankind as humans are deemed obsolete. Yet others are projecting a mergence between A.I. and Humanity, a gradual conversion of man and machine. Will the projected apex of our technical evolution be a gradual or abrupt end of mankind?
The dynamics of our society bring many challenges and opportunities to the business world. Within the last decade, hundreds of jobs have emerged particularly in the technology sector to help keep up with the ever-changing world and to compete on a larger and better scale than the competition. Two key job markets and the basis of this research paper are business intelligence or BI and data mining or DM. These two fields play a very important role in small to large companies and are becoming higher desired sectors within the back offices of the workplace. This paper will explore what the meaning of BI and DM really is, how they are used and what we can expect as workers and learners of the technology and business fields for the future.
Shyam Sankar, named by CNN as one of the world’s top ten leading speakers, says the key to AI evolvement is the improvement of human-computer symbiosis. Sankar believes humans should be more heavily relied upon in AI and technological evolvement. Sankar’s theory is just one of the many that will encompass the future innovations of AI. The next phase and future of AI is that scientists now want to utilize both human and machine strengths to create a super intelligent thing. From what history has taught us, the unimaginable is possible with determination. Just over fifty years ago, AI was implemented through robots completing a series of demands. Then it progressed to the point that AI can be integrated into society, seen through interactive interfaces like Google Maps or the Siri App. Today, humans have taught machines to effectively take on human jobs, and tasks that have created a more efficient world. The future of AI is up to the creativity and innovation of current society’s scientists, leaders, thinkers, professors, students and