The Network Working Group's development of open technical documentation - the RFC - was a necessary step to technical advancement. Steve Crocker explains the importance of openness in a developmental situation:
"The environment we were operating in was one of open research. The only payoff available was to have good work recognized and used. Software was generally considered free. Openness wasn't an option; it just was." (Crocker, 1993c)
The NWG's work was important (THE?) to the development of the ARPANET. Their work paved the way for the development of TCP/IP, when more capacity was needed and other problems arose.
I would call the RFC one of the Heralding Achievements of the NWG. It represents the forward looking view which these people had and it proved to succeed. The principles which embody RFC 3 foreshadowed the success of TCP/IP from NCP's influence. Both TCP/IP and NCP were developed in the field. A version of the protocols would be released for experimentation and use. Also all specifications were available free and easily available for people to examine and make comments about. Only through this early release were the problems and kinks found and worked out in a timely manner. This bottom-up approach is substantially different than the top-down approach which other protocol suites have been developed under. The top-down idea comes from figuring everything out as a standard on paper, or behind closed doors and then releasing it to be used. The bottom-up (and free accessibility of protocol documentation and specifications) model allows for a wide-range of people and experiences to join in and perfect the protocol and make it the best possible. (Check email in TCPIP.MAIL file to provide quotes.)
In summing up the achievements of the process that developed the ARPANET, the ARPANET Completion Report draft explains:
"The ARPANET development was an extremely intense activity in which contributions were made by many of the best computer scientists in the United States. Thus, almost all of the "major technical problems" already mentioned received continuing attention and the detailed approach to those problems changed" [II-24]
The computer scientists and others involved were encouraged in their work by the ARPA philosophy of gathering the best computer scientists working in the field and supporting them:
"IPT usually does little day-to-day management of its contractors.
Like in “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”, the person is described in quite detailed of his good appearance one can say, “He was broad-shouldered and double-jointed, with short curly black hair, and a bluff, but not unpleasant countenance, having a mingled air of fun and arrogance. From his Herculean frame and great powers of limb, he had received the nickname of BROM BONES, by which he was universally known.” (1.26). Here it shows how his good looks define this person, while in The Monster is yet another story. For example, it is said, “They put Henry in jail because they didn’t know what else to do with him, I guess. They say he is perfectly terrible.” (19.188). this quote show how appearance matter a great deal in society it is an injustice what they have done here to poor Henry just because his appearance it not how it used to be does not give them the right to be cruel. Furthermore, The Legend of Sleepy Hollow even helps us by emphasizing the important of appearance even more. By saying how, “The gallant Ichabod now spent at least an extra half hour at his toilet, brushing and furbishing up his best, and indeed only suit of rusty black, and arranging his looks by a bit of broken looking-glass, that hung up in the school-house.” (1.34). This shows how Ichabod cares a lot of his appearance because in the little town they live in it is something
Influential people will change a town. This is exactly what happened to the town of Sleepy Hollow. It will never be the same after Ichabod Crane enters. He leaves a lasting impression on the town and the reader. Ichabod grows in multiple different ways as “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” progresses. Ichabod's is greed, self-centered personality, and anti-hero disposition is shown throughout the entire story. In his story “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” Washington Irving develops the main character, Ichabod through actions, setting, and other characters.
Proceedings of the 30th Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing (STOC-98), pages 151--160, New York, May 23--26
Adam Smith often called the “founder of modern economics,” utilizes his observational assumptions to construct his own rationale for society, economics, and human nature. His observations are based on sentiments regarding issues that are far ranging. Within the Wealth of Nations Smith makes claims regarding human nature, such as “self-love” is inherent, the faculties of reason and speech, and the nature of humans to “truck and barter.” Smith examines the notion of a free market economy that is based upon reason rather than belief. This poignant observation on human nature has its bias and facts, with regards to Smith’s examination of society.
The time period in which “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” takes place makes a difference because physical strength and horsemanship were valuable traits. Reading books, intelligence, education and even being a school teacher did not ensure success or survival. Brom Bones, having the brawn, made him the envy of men in that time period. He also was not submitted to the tales of witchcraft and supernatural that, the educated, Ichabod Crane was, and therefore was able to use it against him to
Smith believed that the free market economy can bring profit and wealth through the invisible hand process.Meanwhile, Marx believed that a capitalist economy is suppressing the lower and working classes and expands the gap between rich and poor. In response to this, Marx encouraged the lower classes to revolt and get rid of classes and government completely. Smith encouraged the separation of classes and believed that it was an essential part of a functioning economy. Smith wanted workers to be able to pursue their own business ventures without the government interfering. While Smith believed in competition, Marx believed that it only brought upon greed. Marx encouraged people to fight for what they believe in. Meanwhile Smith wanted to live peaceful and in harmony with each other. Marx encouraged the belief of everyone sharing as a means of equality.
Lovelace and Hopper are by no means the only women who have made invaluable contributions to the field of computer science. Without Betty Holberton, who "devised the first sort-merge generator, for UNIVAC I" (AWC, "Frances..."), Grace Hopper would never have been able to design the first compiler. A more contemporary scientist, Dr. Anita Borg, has profoundly influenced the field by "designing and building a fault tolerant UNIX-based operating system" ("Short Biography of Anita Borg"), as well as developing a performance analysis method for high-speed memory systems. However, I've chosen to focus on Lovelace and Hopper because they are probably the most frequently mentioned women in computer science, and they represent two critical historical moments in the field: Lovelace helps to bring the first computer into being, while Hopper forges the start of the modern computer age.
These projects come to live in the Research division at IBM. In 2005 Paul Horn, director of the division wanted to try to create a machine able to pass the Turing Test. No machine had done it. But researchers didn’t believe that it would get the public’s attention in the way that Deep Blue had. Horn thought of another game where it would...
This paper analyzes the reason behind the gender gap in computer science. Although there is a low number of women in computer science and related fields, women have made some important contributions. An early contribution came from Augusta Ada Byron back in the early to mid 1800's. She is best known for her contributions to theoretical work. Her work, along with others at that time, is believed to be the foundation for modern computers. She developed the idea of loops and subroutines long before electronic computing existed. In honor of her, the Department of Defense named the high-level programming language Ada after her [11].
Goldstine, Herman H. "Computers at the University of Pennsylvania's Moore School." The Jayne Lecture. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol 136, No.1. January 24, 1991
If the nineteenth century was an era of the Industrial revolution in Europe, I would say that computers and Information Technology have dominated since the twentieth century. The world today is a void without computers, be it healthcare, commerce or any other field, the industry won’t thrive without Information Technology and Computer Science. This ever-growing field of technology has aroused interest in me since my childhood. After my twelfth grade, the inherent ardor I held for Computer Science motivated me to do a bachelors degree in Information Technology. Programming and Math, a paragon of logic and reasoning, have always been my favorite subjects since childhood.
“Computer and information research scientists invent and design new approaches to computing technology and find innovative uses for existing technology. They study and solve complex problems in computing for business, medicine, science, and other
the groundwork for what would eventually become the economic system for many countries around the world. In addition to this, the existence of capitalism spurred the values of democracy in a sense that the two ideas (capitalism and democracy) go hand in hand, both providing freedom with regards to a certain facet of life. Smith’s capitalist ideals are reflected in the way the modern economy works, and the overall dominance the system has over other systems of economics. His theories are especially prevalent today as opposed to during the 20th century, when the rise of communism threatened to overtake the capitalist system of economics.8 In sum, Adam Smith’s theories and beliefs are prevalent within society today because they essentially became the norm with regards to economics and governance around the world. This is evident in the fact that even traditionally communist countries, such as Russia and China, have taken on a capitalist approach with regards to their
Adam Smith is known as the originator of the first of the free-market capitalism, laissez-faire kebijksanaan well as the father of modern economics. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, or commonly abbreviated as "The Wealth of Nations" is a famous book by Adam Smith that contains economic ideas now known as classical economics. Inspiration from this book came from her teacher while studying at the University of Glasgow namely Francis Hutcheson and college friend David Hume (Becker, 2007). Posts Smith also consists of a thorough explanation megenai mercantilist writings and fisokrat that disentiskannya well be a material economic studies. Antaara Smith dissent and you mercantilist one of the factors that determine
Possibly most importantly, Smith believes that capitalism is the key to growth and efficiency, while Marx sees capitalism as merely a stage in history that will ultimately fail and lead to socialism. Marx believes, however, that in order to rid the world of capitalism, there needs to be a revolution. He believes that major social change is not possible without revolution, and he also believes that legal reforms are not enough to correct the flaws inherent in capitalism. Marx views capitalism as creating two main classes, the Bourgeoisie (what he calls the oppressors), and the Proletariat (what he calls the oppressed). Smith, however, sees capitalism as a way to increase everybody’s wealth and productivity. One key idea in capitalism is that businesses want to maximize profits and minimize costs, often at the expense of the workers. This means that the businesses will only employ as many people as is necessary to keep profits up and they will pay these workers as little as possible. Smith fails to offer up a solution to this problem of low wages, while a fundamental theme of Marxism is that capitalists are taking part of the value that was created by the workers when they sell it for more than it cost to make it. One can easily see that the splitting up of the profits amongst the master and the workers would be the solution, and that is part of the