Critique Essay for Article #1
Research of the Arp2/3 complex helps us understand how and why the complex is necessary in cells, specifically for the extension of lamellipodia and fibroblast cell migration in situations such as the healing of wounds. Prior to this article being published, the Arp2/3 complex had already been extensively studied and was known to be a protein made up of seven subunits that is a major player in a cell’s ability to regulate actin cytoskeletons. The idea behind the study discussed in this article is that Arp2/3 will be genetically disrupted to understand its function in fibroblast motility within cells. The hypothesis deduced based on this is that fibroblasts can’t form in lamellipodia without Arp2/3.
While studying
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This observation showed that the normal version of ARPC3 showed its typical fan like spreading and it healed much faster than the mutated version which showed its filopodia spreading as it healed. This test showed that the mutated cell was a poor choice for healing compared to the normal version as it was slower and did not close the wound as well as the normal version.
Another test studied some of the sub particles of the ARPC3 by staining them and observing their structures. The cells observed were Arp2, phalloidin, merge, and mDia1. These were tested in both ARPC3+/+ and ARPC3-/- to observe the similarities and differences in structure. The staining in this test lead us to believe that filopodia are present in the samples from the mutated cell and are not in the normal version of ARPC3.
In total, these tests with ARPC3 were done with mice to abide by proper scientific testing strategies while still testing living mammal cells. The reason that studying ARPC3 gene deletion has been difficult is due to how this type of testing can be embryonically lethal, meaning that the cells of the test subject can be killed from the testing. This testing helped to prove that without the Arp2/3 complex, fibroblasts cannot be formed in a normal lamellipodia
Cain, M. L., Urry, L. A., & Reece, J. B. (2010). Campbell Biology. Benjamin Cummings.
During interphase, the cells in both animals and bacteria carry out their division general functions according to the type of their cells. Unlike in plants, a preprophase group of cytoskeletal proteins emerge at a future location of the cell plate. At prophase stage, duplicated chromosomes compress in a way that can be seen with the help of a microscope. On the other hand, the mitotic spindle is formed at one side of nucleus, whereas in plants, spindle is formed around the nucleus. During prometaphase in animals and bacteria, the nuclear membrane disappears, the chromosomes attach themselves to mictotubules and start to move. In plants, however, the preprophase group dissolves while at metaphase stage, the chromosomes get aligned at the core of the cell. At anaphase, there are fewer differences between animals and plants. The chromosomes shift apart towards the both par...
...s to interfere with bonding to the receptors. The final possibility uses CNP, which downregulates the activation in MAP kinase pathways in the chondrocytes (4).
A. Regeneration center of Thailand, a medical team trained in biotechnology of cell therapy, published in January 2017, an article describing the differences (RCT).
Modern cytological work involves an intricacy of detail, the significance of which can be appreciated by the specialist alone; but Miss Stevens had a shre in a discovery of importance, and her name will be remembered for this, when the minutiae of detailed investigations that she carried out have become incorporated in the general body of the subject.
Repair after a muscle is damaged happens through the division of certain cells who then fuse to existing, undamaged muscle fibers to correct the damage. Different muscle types take different amounts of time to heal and regenerate after it has been damaged. Smooth muscle cells can regenerate with the greatest capacity due to their ability to divide and create many more cells to help out. While cardiac muscle cells hardly regenerate at all due to the lack of specialized cells that aid in repair and regeneration. In skeletal muscle, satellite cells aid in helping restoration after injury. Along with muscles, tendons are very important structures within the human body, and they to can be damaged. However, tendon repair involves fibroblast cells cross-linking collagen fibers that aid in not only reinforcing structural support, but also mechanical support as well (“Understanding Tendon Injury,” 2005). While quite different from muscle repair, tendon repair involves the similarity of reestablishing d...
Segal, E. A., Cimino, A. N., Gerdes, K. E., Harmon, J. K., & Wagaman, M. (2013). A
Schulman, Joshua M., and David E. Fisher. "Abstract." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 28 Aug. 0005. Web. 24 Apr. 2014.
During interphase, cell growth, DNA replication, separation of centrioles and protein synthesis takes place. This phase is acknowledged to being the most extensive period of the cell cycle thus signifying the stage in which the cell devotes th...
Wistow, G. J., and J. Piatigorsky. 1988. Lens crystallins: the evolution and expression of proteins for a highly specialized tissue. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 57: 479-504.
...ing medicines (especially for soldiers) and there are still so many casualties out on the battlefield?” Well, they sure have the money in the right place, but that is not all it takes. It takes the brainpower of many diverse scientists from all around to master the regenerative medicinal method. With its clinical team of scientists, AFIRM’s goal is to, over the next 5 years, develop clinical therapies that will prove useful when focusing on the 5 areas: improving skin regeneration for burn injuries, restoring function to severely traumatized limbs, reconstruction for facial and skull injuries through tissue regeneration, create new treatments to prevent rejection of "composite" transplants such as face and hands and finally reconstruction of the genital and urinary organs and lower abdomen.
Investigations into mediators of RA signaling led to the discovery of a cell surface molecule known as Prod 1 (da Silva, Gates, & Brockes, 2002). Prod1is upregulated in response to increases in RA signaling and is particularly important as it allows a critical signal transduction event to occur that results in necessary changes in cellular identity within the blastema (da Silva et al., 2002). There are other targets of RA signaling, which have been identified in recent years. It is the goal of this thesis to survey these other gene targets and to explore the various ways in which RA signaling governs the process of limb regeneration in organisms like A. mexicanum. Additionally, this thesis will address the practicality of understanding the physiological and biochemical mechanisms of regeneration and the state of current experimental projects aimed at utilizing this knowledge for medical
c solution and sucked up some of the water in the cells. When we observed the cheek cells we found they were very different from the plant cells. The nucleus was in the middle of the cheek cells and there were a few cell organelles. The Planaria cell was all red and had lines running down it.
Blood and urine based biomarkers used in molecular pathology are only indicative of the average response of the cell population affected with little or no information of the range of response or variability form areas of tissue (Naddler and Langley 2001)