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Rhetoric according plato and aristotle
Aristotle's view on rhetoric
Aristotle's rhetorical theory
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Aristotle’s three types of rhetoric comprise of “the political, forensic, and the ceremonial oratory or display,” (Mueller, 93). Aristotle elaborates on how the three elements of the “speaker, subject and the person being addressed” ultimately “determines the speech’s end and object.” (Mueller, 93). The political form of rhetoric focuses on convincing individuals to act or not to act in a given situation. In this form of rhetoric, the speaker is either convincing the audience on a subject being addressed to do something or not to do something. Aristotle claims that these individuals are designated for “men who address public assemblies” (Mueller, 93). Forensic rhetoric deliberately takes a side on either the defense of the accused or against the accused and disputes that stance in front of a speaker, subject, and a person being addressed. …show more content…
This form of rhetoric is usually seen practiced in the adversary system where a defense attorney or the prosecution debates on the accused innocence or guilt.
The ceremonial oratory is a form of language where the speaker either “praises or censures somebody” (Mueller, 93) There are distinct differences overall intentions of these forms of language. The essence of time is very important to different means of the orator as they constantly revolve depending on the circumstance. The political orator focus is on future implications on “things to be done hereafter that he advises, for or against” (Mueller, 93). The ceremonial orator central focus is on interpreting the present day and the current phases existing in that specific moment. In addition, these ceremonial orators occasionally “find it useful…to recall the past and to make guesses at the future.” (Mueller, 93). A good example of all of these rhetorics incorporated under a system is the trial process of the adversary system. It seems that Aristotle’s three types of rhetoric paved the foundation for our court system in the 21st
century. 7) The practice of Rhetoric from Rome built off of Aristotle’s classical rhetoric to form more of their own approach to explaining rhetoric. Notable classical scholars, such as Cicero and Quintilian contributed so much to rhetoric that helped us gain a better understanding of the structures of rhetoric. Although Rome enacted components of traditional Greece, they failed to incorporate as much of Greece rhetoric as possible. They begin to diverge away from the classical rhetoric approach and started focusing on stylistic traits and storytelling versus the sense of classical rhetoric knowledge of truth and reasoning. Rhetoricians decided to explore down the path of the artform of rhetoric—but by doing that, they begin to forget the true essence of rhetorical structural components. Hence, this served as a problem in discourse in Rome because they had these diverging views of what they wanted rhetoric to represent.
Of Aristotle’s three modes of rhetoric, Audre Lorde’s essay is comprised largely by logos complemented by pathos and the least by ethos. Ethos is obvious when she describes herself in terms of social groups, giving credibility to herself to justify her assertions. In her words, Lorde is a “forty-nine-year-old Black lesbian feminist socialist mother of two, including one boy, and a member of an interracial couple.” She explains at the beginning of her essay that she has been identified as an active member of these socially taboo groups and thus has the right to demand attention to her claims. Logos is seen throughout her essay, often following a bold statement. Her arguments not only consist of reasoning but also personal experiences and real-life occurrences, such as Lorde’s question of the lacking representation of poetry by Back women and the horrifying female circumcision supported by Jomo Kenyatta in Africa. Lorde’s use of logos is very effective because it gives the reader a relatable narrative to better understand her bold conclusions. The third mode of Aristotle’s rhetoric is pathos, which Lorde uses to a slightly lesser degree than logos but just as effectively. Examples of Lorde’s use of pathos are her descriptive language, metaphors and lists.
According to the Webster Dictionary, rhetoric is defined as the art of speaking or writing effectively. Rhetoric is made up of three separate appeals that can be used individually or collectively in an attempt to persuade a reader. Ethos is the credibility and qualifications of the speaker or author. Pathos is the author's use of emotions and sympathy to urge the audience to agree with his or her standpoint. And lastly, logos is applying sound reasoning (logic) to attract the typical ideas of the audience and to prove the author's point of view. "Lockdown" by Evans D. Hopkins is a fine example of an author using these appeals to persuade his audience. Hopkins uses of the three appeals are easy to locate and relate with throughout the entire passage. He undoubtedly uses rhetoric to try and keep his audiences focus and to persuade them to feel the way he does about the treatment of prisoners. We can identify and trust that he is making reasonable assertions because he was a prisoner and went through actual lockdowns. The fact that Hopkins was an actual prisoner proves his credibility to provide evidence for his thoughts.
Rhetorical evidence is everywhere. It can be found in any shape or form in everyday life. Writers, producer, speakers, and even teachers use the rhetorical techniques some of our founding philosophers, Aristotle and Plato, once used to persuade an audience. These speaker, teachers, and writers used rhetorical evidence such as logos, pathos, and ethos to get their point across and to change to view point of another individual.
In the story, What is Rhetoric by William Covino and David Jolliffe, there are a wide variety of topics discussed that are inextricably interwoven with the concept “rhetoric.” Rhetoric, as defined by the authors, is “the study and practice of shaping content.” Consequently, my first thought was: Ok, this is a rather broad and opaque description; my successive thought, however, was one of astonishment, inasmuch as the authors went on to further elucidated this jargon. In doing so, the authors distilled the most crucial elements of what is rhetoric— the prevalence of discourse community, and how appealing language is often a precursor to persuasion.
Rhetoric is the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, and its uses the figures of speech and other compositional techniques. It’s designed to have a persuasive or impressive effect on its audience.
...o engage in destructive rhetoric are held to task, rhetoric cannot simply be attributed to some state of affairs, while the rhetorician from whose lips the rhetoric emerges is held to no ethical standard. Certainly it is conceivable that rhetoric can have destructive consequences. Rhetoric seems to have played a central role in the deterioration of people’s faith in their systems of government, or the electoral process by which they choose their representatives. A view of rhetoric in which the rhetorician is accountable for the effects of the change they inflict upon the world could lead to less destructive rhetoric and a society which operates on the solid ground of personal responsibility.
Rhetorical appeals apply to everyday life and the three sections of the rhetoric’s cover all elements of persuasion. Moore and Machiavelli do an outstanding job of explaining their points and why you should believe what they are saying. Both author’s did a great job of educating and informing their viewers although they were two significantly different pieces. Moore and Machiavelli’s work are each their own with respect to purpose and lessons but they also both come together in regards to using Aristotle’s three rhetorical appeals.
The debate between Just and Unjust Speech highlights the ongoing debate between old and new traditions. These traditions can range from how to interpret laws to family values and the struggle between them is highlighted in Aristophanes Clouds. The battle between old and new is seen in argument between Just and Unjust Speech and the arguments between father Strepsiades and son Pheidippides. The constant battle between old and new is seen in many different areas throughout the Clouds such as justice, piety and issues of law.
Churchill effectively used rhetoric in his speech. Rhetoric is the art of effective persuasive writing and speaking. Aristotle, an ancient Greek philosopher, created rhetoric. There are three types of rhetoric, logos, pathos, and ethos. Each type differs from the other types. Logos is a logical argument built from relevant and sufficient evidence. Logos is based on facts, statistics, and claims based off of logic. Pathos is arguments which evoke emotions in an audience. Some forms of pathos are celebrity testimonials, bandwagon, and fear mongering. All of these evoke emotions in an
rhetoricians had classified oratory into three types: the epideictic, forensic or judicial and the deliberative. These can be distinguished according to the context of delivery. The epideictic rhetoric is delivered in ceremonial occasions; the ideal context of forensic oratory is in the court of law, the deliberative type is practised in electoral rallies or parliamentary meetings.
In his essay “Rhetoric,” he states “to reason logically, to understand human character and goodness, and to understand the emotions”(182). The audience should always be one of the top concerns for the speaker. When a speaker is trying to convince their audience to accept a different perspective, they should keep in mind that not everyone will accept it. The audience should not feel like they are forced to accept something instead they should feel a sense of willingness for the different perspective that the speaker discussed. Furthermore, Aristotle concludes “persuasion is achieved by the speaker’s personal character”(181). In other words, the way a speaker portrays themselves during a speech will make an impact on the audience. The audience will be more convinced if the speaker has integrity because that will result in a built trust and respect between the two. If the speaker lies about something to the audience, not only is the interest lost but so is the willingness to believe anything that they
Plato and Aristotle are two rhetoricians than had a great impact on the history of rhetoric. Although they were similar in many ways, their use and definition of rhetoric were different. Plato had the more classical approach where he used rhetoric as a means of education to pass down his beliefs and practice of rhetoric to his students. He believed that it should be used to educate the masses, provoking thought, and thereby preserving that knowledge. Plato thought that rhetoric should be used to convey truth, truths already known to the audience, revealed through that dialectic critical thought. Plato also operated on absolute truths, things that are right or wrong, black or white. Aristotle was more modern in that he used rhetoric as a tool of persuasion in the polis. He thought that the main purpose of rhetoric was to persuade, provoking emotions for his audience as a tool of persuasion. Aristotle’s rhetoric was more science based, using enthymemes and syllogism to foster logical thinking. He believed that rhetoric was a means of discovering truth. His rhetoric was highly deliberative since he used it mainly for persuasion. I will discuss their differences in more depth in the following essay.
Rhetoric is the art of effective speaking or writing, and persuasion. Most people use rhetoric numerous of times in their everyday life without their concern or knowing.
Aristotle was said to be the most memorable philosopher in Roman Times. Being in a part of the lower-class, he had more opportunities than the people in his same social class. With these opportunities, Aristotle took full advantage of them and built a life for himself. Throughout his lifetime, he accomplished many things. Aristotle’s findings have proven throughout the many years they have been useful. 1
Aristotle’s Poetics is considered the first work of literary criticism in our tradition. The couple of pages in the book mainly describe tragedy from Aristotle’s point of view. He defines tragedy as being an imitation of an action that is a whole and complete in itself and of a certain magnitude. Aristotle also points out terms such as catharsis, which can be said that is the purification of one’s soul. He argues in his Poetics that catharsis is achieved through emotions of pity or fear, which is created in the audience as they witness the tragedy of a character who suffers unjustly, but is not entirely innocent. Then he moves on to describing the main elements of tragedy.