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Personality and decision making
Personality and organizational decision making
Logical fallacy
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Cognitive Errors of the Mind
"It is the mark of an educated mind to be able to entertain a thought without accepting it" - Aristotle. This well-stated quote is representing the logical idea that a human can investigate, gather evidence, understand others’ opinions, and still not accept the thought. People can hold a theory in their minds yet not completely commit to it, knowing it could be proven false. The problem is that there are errors occurring the mind subconsciously. We cannot control these errors because we are not even aware they’re happening. These faults in our reasoning are called cognitive errors. These errors can lead to logical fallacies and mistakes. Some examples of cognitive errors are: snap judgment, remembering the hits-forgetting the misses, confirmation bias, power of suggestion, and the link between cognitive errors and logical fallacies. All of these can lead to actions that are misinterpreted and unplanned. These can subconsciously plant perceptions and thought processes. The question is, how do these cognitive errors work and how can they be recognized in everyday reasoning. The fact that the brain has cognitive errors that happen subconsciously and can lead to fallacies in reasoning is extraordinary and deserves investigation. Snap Judgement is one of many cognitive
Cognitive errors are internal and logical fallacies are external. Cognitive errors can lead to logical fallacies. Think of it as cognitive error as the mislead thought and logical fallacy as they misinterpreted action following the thought. Usually, a chain of cognitive errors will turn into logical fallacies that show in behavior and logic.The mind is a magnificent organ that can calculate and determine, however, it is prone to errors and can be tricked by ideas and thoughts. This is how cognitive errors and logical fallacies are
Now in the case of Schulz, she talks about the famous philosopher Descartes. He brings up the argument that “error does not arise from believing something that isn’t true, but believing in insufficient evidence” (362). Descartes wanted to be an ideal thinker and take in every bit of evidence he possibly could before drawing a conclusion.
The Cognitive Continuum Theory (Hammond 1988) is a descriptive theory that illustrates how judgement situations or tasks relate to cognition. The theory has six broad modes of decision-making based on two continua: cognition and judgement task structure (figure 1). This theory focuses exclusively on judgment and decision-making and ranges from intuition to analysis (Harbison, 2001). Judgment refers to the process of weighting or estimating the possibilities and a decision is defined as the outcome that leads to an action or a conclusion not to act (Cader et al, 2005).
o Snap judgments suggests that such errors can be avoided by thinking more slowly; this isn’t the case, for some people think very slowly with no better results.
Clifford’s arguments for this conclusion is that if we are gullible enough to believe something without evidence then we are not only harming our individual credibility and intellect but also polluting the rest of society...
The Turn of the Screw by Henry James has been the cause of many debates about whether or not the ghosts are real, or if this is a case of a woman with psychological disturbances causing her to fabricate the ghosts. The story is told in the first person narrative by the governess and is told only through her thoughts and perceptions, which makes it difficult to be certain that anything she says or sees is reliable. It starts out to be a simple ghost story, but as the story unfolds it becomes obvious that the governess has jumps to conclusions and makes wild assumptions without proof and that the supposed ghosts are products of her mental instability which was brought on by her love of her employer
"The Fixation of Belief" Charles Sanders Pierce discusses logic, knowledge, reason, and how we come about to believe what is true and what is not. He also describes four methods of fixing beliefs, which is the main focus of his article. Pierce first describes to his readers what believing and doubting are. He suggests that believing is a feeling of satisfaction and serenity, while doubt is one of unrest and dissatisfaction. that a state of doubt is simply one in which we struggle to pass from into a state of belief. He calls this struggle inquiry. And he states that the sole object of inquiry is the settlement of opinion. As humans we tend to have one problem though; as soon as we reach a firm belief, we tend to adhere to it wether it's false or not, mostly because of our then satisfied state. Here he goes into the first method of fixing beliefs: tenacity. This is a method in which people believe that if they cling to their views and never stray from their system of beliefs, they will forever be satisfied thus acquiring a great peace of mind. This method however, has a great flaw: social interaction tends to disprove false beliefs no matter how strongly the person believes them. People are influenced
Cognitive dissonance is a communication theory mostly used in the field of social psychology in providing a theoretical framework in dealing with various issues relating to psychology. The title provides us with the concept that cognitive is thinking while dissonance is the inconsistency or conflict brought about. Cognitive dissonance manifests when one holds two or more incompatible beliefs simultaneously. This theory has been used and applied in several disciplines including communication, due to its simplicity and straightforwardness. The theory is commonly applied in these dynamic fields since it replaces previous conditioning or reinforcement theories by viewing individuals as more purposeful decision makers striving to acquire a balance in their beliefs. Cognitions are chunks or bits of knowledge which can pertain to any variety of values, emotions or values. These cognations can be related to one another or they can also be completely independent from each other (Cooper, 06). For instance, one may like to eat junk food, but may also be trying to lose weight. The two cognitions are related to each other in tha...
Cognitive psychology is concerned with the internal processes involved in making sense of the environment and deciding what action may be appropriate. These processes include attention, perception, learning and reasoning, (Eysenck and Keane, 2010).There are a number of approaches which can be used within this field, however for the purposes of the essay only two will be compared; cognitive neuroscience and neuropsychology. The aims of cognitive neuroscientists are often similar to those of cognitive psychologists; they are both interested in the brain and cognition, (Medin and Ross, 1996). Nevertheless, it could be argued that there are also some fundamental differences between the two approaches, especially in the research methods employed. This assignment will explain and evaluate the models in comparison to one another.
Biological and cognitive are both different theoretical perspectives. They both have unique differences. The biological and cognitive approaches differ in their view on the nature versus nurture debate. The biological approach focuses on nature rather than nurture. It believes that behavior is determined by internal physiological processes such as the structure and functions of the neurons, hormones, DNA and structure of the brain. The cognitive perspective goes into the domain of mental processes to understand human nature. This perspective shows how we learn, make decisions, use language, plan for future, and form judgments.
During the first week of class, we discussed informal fallacies. An informal fallacy is defined as a logical mistake. Five of the informal fallacies discussed were equivocation, ad hominem, straw man, appeal to authority, and secundum. Each of these fallacies is comparable to what happens in everyday life conversations. Through analyzing, one should be able to determine how these logical mistakes connect with our everyday lives.
Though many may not often think about why we sleep, most of us know that sleep makes us feel better, it refreshes the body and makes it better able to function following a good night of sleep. However, the fact that sleep makes us feel better and that going without sleep makes us feel worse only begins to explain why we need sleep.
Cognitive therapy recognizes ten common patterns of faulty thinking. “All-or-nothing thinking” refuses to see a middle ground and is characterized by the use of such words as always, never, and forever. This pattern can be recognized by statements such as “I will never pass this class”.
Furthermore, it shows either our inability, or unwillingness to learn to think clearly.
A fallacy that we experience on a daily basis is “everyone is doing this and that’s why I do the same” that’s a very common fallacy that we don’t only experience, we usually are the abusers too. A final example to illustrate more on fallacies is not getting to the point in a discussion or avoiding the point by changing the subject. Fallacies can be categorized into several types and under each type comes several different kinds of fallacies. Next are the Fallacies of Unclear Language, its obvious from the name what these fallacies are about. One of these fallacies is Vagueness where the wording is not clear enough or could be interpreted in different ways.
According to numerous references in the field of Psychology, a cognitive psychologist is an individual that studies topics such as thinking, problem-solving, learning, attention, memory, forgetting, and language acquisition, among several others. Cognitive psychology is the branch of psychology that studies mental processes, and its core focus is on how people acquire, process, and store information. While great research has been done within the field of psychology, there are individuals such as B.F. Skinner who criticize its strides, purposes, and research methods.