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Propaganda in the 20th century war
Impact of propaganda in ww2
Other opinions about ethics in war
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In the United States the cold-blooded murder of one citizen to another is considered cruel, psychopathic, and illegal. The thought of murdering a fellow human being is, justifiably, discriminated against and shunned. Since murder is officially condemned wrong what causes one to believe that in the case of war, murder on a large scale, that this happening can be considered acceptable, at some points cheered on even. If murder is not justifiable, then war is not justifiable; but in the case when the lesser evil must dominate the greater evil in order to maintain peace, then this scenario of war may be considered more just than any alternative.
My first question in the case is what gives a person the need to justify war in the first place? There are a lot of reasons to need to justify the mass murder of thousands of people. One possibility could be that with the knowledge and
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morals that a human has in possession, we know that warring is wrong, so must find a way of easing the conscience and still obtain those goals by warring. On a small scale, this scenario is like a child that wants the cookie from the cookie jar. On the inside that child knows that taking the cookie would be wrong and that their guardian would not be pleased with them… but the temptations of that sweet cookie keeps clouding the child’s mind… eventually they will go through their mind looking for each excuse as to why they took the cookie, if they took it. That child couldn’t ask their guardian because they know that they would say no. Then a thought comes across, “maybe if I don’t ask and just take the cookie without permission I could say that I did not know that I was not allowed to take it and get out home free.” The child uses an excuse to justify why he took the cookie to settle their mind and know they won’t get in trouble. Warring is kind of the same in the way that one must settle their mind and make the war justified in order to feel right and in peace with themselves by convincing themselves that the war is in the right and for the people, whom are judging that man that provoked this war. If they can justify it, then it could be right by the people as well. The use of justifying war maybe used by rulers to keep the mind of the people at peace so that a war may be right and supported by the people. In order to have a war you must have the will of the people behind you, and the people should feel that their war is just and fair. Without the citizens support the nation has not soldiers and no support to be able to create and standby the war. One might use these reasons to justify a war that the nation has caused or is going into, but in some cases war is or seems inevitable in order to help those in need. In the case when a body of innocent people are in jeopardy and have no way to protect themselves, like in the case of the holocaust during World War Two, the war called by the nation trying to protect those people is inevitably just. During the holocaust the only way to solve the situation and maintain peace was to dominate the greater evil with the lesser evil, the countries warring against the extermination of the Jews as the lesser evil and the Nazis as the greater. Since the side that did not start the war did not necessarily want a war and on the contrary were trying to protect the innocent, this way the war was just on their side. Though in this scenario war is more just than in other scenarios, because killing people is wrong, this version of war is still not completely just. In this case pacifism is only supporting the side hurting those who are innocent. George Orwell makes a statement about pacifism in his writing “Pacifism. Pacifism is objectively pro-Fascist. This is elementary common sense. If you hamper the war effort of one side you automatically help that of the other” (Orwell 509). Orwell had once been a pacifist himself but soon changed his point of view before he began to realize that pacifism did not necessarily portray the message that those under it wanted to portray. When one must defend themselves against an enemy and did not intend war in the first place, then this form of war is more just. Although since there is still killing of fellow human beings in this form of war, it is still not purely just. Supposing that there is no killing or no wrongs down during some sort of war, some way where these things are settled in a humane and civil matter then that war may be considered just.
I suppose it is the context of the war that determines it was just or unjust. The war against cancer is a strive for the greater good… but then again one still must kill cancer cells in order to end the terror that has been caused so maybe that would still be considered unjust if you think about it that way… but I would call that over analyzing. In the long run a just war can happen by fighting for the greater good rather than getting there through the means of hurting, and terrorizing others. It seems a little bit unrealistic but if you want a true solution on how to truly conduct war justly, I would say don’t conduct one at all. War doesn’t and shouldn’t have to be inevitable but through years and years of creating a culture of killing people it seems that it has become such. If the world could break from this barbaric clutch, then we wouldn’t have to think about the issue of conducting a just war at
all.
Throughout history, war has been the catalyst that has compelled otherwise-ordinary people to discard, at least for its duration, their longstanding beliefs about the immorality of killing their fellow human beings. In sum, during periods of war, people’s views about killing others are fundamentally transformed from abhorrence to glorification due in large part to the decisions that are made by their political leaders. In this regard, McMahan points out that, “As soon as conditions arise to which the word ‘war’ can be applied, our scruples vanish and killing people no longer seems a horrifying crime but becomes instead a glorious achievement” (vii). Therefore, McMahan argues that the transformation of mainstream views about the morality of killing during times of war are misguided and flawed since they have been based on the traditional view that different moral principles somehow apply in these circumstances. This traditional view about a just war presupposes the morality of the decision to go to war on the part of political leaders in the first place and the need to suspend traditional views about the morality of killing based on this
War has always been an essential ingredient in the development of the human race. As a result of the battles fought in ancient times, up until modern warfare, millions of innocent lives have ended as a result of war crimes committed. In the article, “The My Lai Massacre: A Military Crime of Obedience,” Herbert C. Kelman and V.Lee Hamilton shows examples of moral decisions taken by people involved with war-related murders. This article details one of the worse atrocities committed during the Vietnam War in 1968 by the U.S. military: the My Lai Massacre. Through this incident, the question that really calls for psychological analysis is why so many people are willing to formulate , participate in, and condone policies that call for the mass killings of defenseless civilians such as the atrocities committed during the My Lai massacre. What influences these soldiers by applying different psychological theories that have been developed on human behavior.
The idea of war and how it can be justified, is a rather trick topic to touch on, as there are diverse ethical and sociological implications that have to be weighed on every step. Mainly we could look at the “Just War Theory” and see how that could possibly apply to the real world. To be able to enter a “Just War” nations must meet six criteria in Jus ad Bellum (Going to War). The criteria is as follows: “Just Cause”, “Right Intention”, “Proper Authority and Public Declaration”, “Last Resort”, “Probability of Success”, and lastly “Proportionality”. However the tricky bit of the Just War theory, is that all six of those elements must be met, to go to war in a morally justifiable way. This could make an easy blockade for nations to veto another nation's effort to enter a war, even if morally justifiable. The problem with an internationally mandated “war-committee”, means that the fate of another nation's well-being could very well be in the hands of a nation with an ulterior motive. It could also fall into the grounds of new found illegal activity. Lets give a hypothetical situation, say nation 'X' wants to go to war with nation 'Y' in an act of self-defence, but it doesn't meet some of the requirements for “Just War theory” and is thus blocked by the war-committee. Then as a consequence, nation 'X' is invaded and annexed due to lack of defence. Nation 'X' could have made an effort to prepare for war, but at the cost of possibly being condemned and sanctioned by the war-committee. In an overall view, it's easy to see why the UN or other major international coalitions will not adopt a system based around Just War Theory.
“Never think that war, no matter how necessary, nor how justified, is not a crime.” As depicted in the quote by Ernest Hemingway war is a difficult situation in which the traditional boundaries of moral ethics are tested. History is filled with unjust wars and for centuries war was not though in terms of morality. Saint Augustine, however, offered a theory detailing when war is morally permissible. The theory offers moral justifications for war as expressed in jus ad bellum (conditions for going to war) and in jus in bello (conditions within warfare).The theory places restrictions on the causes of war as well as the actions permitted throughout. Within early Christianity, the theory was used to validate crusades as morally permissible avoiding conflict with religious views. Based on the qualifications of the Just War Theory few wars have been deemed as morally acceptable, but none have notably met all the requirements. Throughout the paper I will apply Just War Theory in terms of World War II as well as other wars that depict the ideals presented by Saint Augustine.
willingness to harm the lives of millions of people, why is it not justified, to inflict pain on
The just war theory is described by Thomas Massaro in his book Living Justice as the “principle that warfare might be justified under certain conditions” (108). The complexities involved with international relations makes determining a just war very difficult. Even though historically pacifism hasn’t gained much traction within Catholic circles, it currently is gaining popularity with many mainstream Catholics. With so many differing views on military action, one might ask, “What determines a just war? How can we balance the need for peace with self-defense?” An examination of criteria for a just war and critiques written on this topic might shed light on these two questions.
The Just War Theory is a set of criteria that are used to judge whether a war is morally justifiable. It was St Augustine in the third century that formulated the Just War theory, and was formalised 10 centuries later by Thomas Aquinas. There are seven criteria by which a war can be judged to be just. Among the rules are Just Cause – there must be a very good reason for going to war, such as protecting your country from invasion. There should be a formal declaration of war by the legal government. It has to be the last resort and all other alternatives must be exhausted. There must be a reasonable chance of success and great care must be taken to avoid injuring civilians.
INTRODUCTION: Can war ever be “Just”? If you ask this question of a 100 people, you will get a hundred different responses. You would receive responses against such as, “War is never just - it is brutal and nasty, War can’t be just all war does is creates an entire generation of people who want revenge for their country, God said thou shall not kill and war is killing, God is love he doesn’t want us killing each other, or the favorite slogan of the 60’s “Make love not war””. You will also receive response affirming such as, “An example of a just war was World War 2 because we were attacked and then declared war on Japan, A just war is a war against an evil regime that killed your friends and family, and was fixing to kill you, A war is just if it ends tyranny such as slavery, fascism, Nazism, communism, and preserves freedom, Just war is a war to wipe out the enemy in order to stop them from killing innocent people, or A war is just if you have no choose but to fight or let people be murdered.” (http://www.justwartheory.com/)
...oal of such violence is to obtain a greater moral good. But antiwar pacifists maintain that the ends do not justify the means, if the means are murderous. It is a tragic mistake to believe that there are great moral goods that can only be claimed by war and the amount of moral good obtained by war is often greatly exaggerated and inequitable.
When you hear the word “war”, you automatically think about people dying and that it is wrong. There has been many wars in the past decades. For example, the Vietnam War, the Holocaust, or the Civil War. Even though many people died, war is justifiable because to stop the advance of a morally corrupt power, to protect the lives of innocent people, and to defend the country from terrorism or racism.
in “Peace and War”. But what is a “just cause”? Everybody has a different definition, and it can be totally subjective. In most modern cultures and most countries, war is accepted as an effective and justifiable way of protecting national interests and achieving diplomatic goals. It could be the just cause, as St. Augustine considered.
What makes a good person good? According to WikiHow, "We should learn to define our own morals ourselves. One of the simplest ways to do so is to love others, and treat them as you would like to be treated. Try to think of others before yourself. Even doing small things daily will greatly enrich and improve your life, and the lives of others around you." This quote shows us what we need to do in order to be what society thinks as, “good". In order to be a good person, you have to do good and moral things in your society consistently. However people might think that by doing one good thing once in a while will automatically make you a “good person”, but in reality it doesn’t.
I have read Just and Unjust Wars by Michael Walzer and On War and Morality by Robert Holmes. These books have given me philosophical viewpoints of Just War Theory and Pacifism. Just War Theorists believe that war can be justified with a just cause for the war and fighting humanely. Pacifists believe that war is immoral and cannot be justified by any means. After both of these reading I gained many new viewpoints on war, but I still remained uncertain about war. To help solve this dilemma I interviewed a person with first hand experience in war. I believe that interviewing an actual war veteran is the most effective way of learning about war.
People often times single me out for being a christian. They just love asking me about touchy subjects to see my response. And this is because, unfortunately, there are so many christians who have this idea that the whole world needs to see things the same way they do. You see so much hate coming out of a religion that claims to preach peace and love. Christians see it as protecting the bible but it just comes across as ignorant. I am not saying I don’t share in the opinions of many christians, but more than anything I am saying that christians need to learn that not everyone in the world is going to see it the same way they will. When it comes to sin, same sex marriage, and living a holy life there are more than one opinion on what is right. So, you can’t justify all of the hate-acts in the name of your religion. Instead use all that energy you waste on hate to love and help those around you, despite whether you think they are “right or wrong”. I believe that that’s what God is more concerned about.
The concept of “just war” dates way back to the inception of war itself. The just war theory was often brought up in wars for the consideration of innocent people who were not involved in the war. It was a way of keeping people from going beyond the limits that were set up for any particular war. We see this theory take place in the Bible where there is a moral stance that takes place for ethical reasoning. We too see this theory of just war take place within our government and from the higher powers around the world, with the invention of the atomic bomb.