Ritualistic Sacrifice in the Ara Pacis The Ara Pacis is an altar that was built to honor Caesar Augustus. Being an open-air altar, it is also meant for blood sacrifice associated with the Roman state religion. On this altar there are many reliefs and symbols that emphasize this blood sacrifice and its association with the gods. In my essay, I plan to analyze the Ara Pacis in terms of animal sacrifice, including individual animals and symbols that are shown throughout various reliefs. With this knowledge I ask why is animal sacrifice important in Roman culture and how does the Ara Pacis emphasize this? What imagery is shown to support these ideas? And finally, what Gods are these sacrifices being made to? These topics are all connected in their …show more content…
In Billows’ reading, he attempts to disprove the depiction of sacrifice by “misinterpreting some iconographical features and ignoring others” (Billows, 80). He explained that no sacrifices were depicted. However, there is imagery shown in the Ara Pacis that makes sense in terms of sacrifice. There is no imagery of an animal being directly slaughtered, but that does not diminish its implications. In Elsner’s reading, he explains how “one general weakness of scholarly discussions of the Ara Pacis is that they fail to sufficiently emphasize this sacrificial function of the altar” (Elsner, 50). In naturalistic nature, many images in art history are narrowly identified. Rather than be open to the multitude of meanings and interpretations, it limits them to single meanings. Art exists to be interpreted in a hundred different ways by a hundred different people. The Ara Pacis depicts Augustus’ success and is a symbol of eternity and rebirth. But it also depicts components of sacrificial rituals that are extremely meaningful to Roman state religion. In ancient Rome, these sacrificial rituals defined Roman God relationships, also establishing a hierarchy of social …show more content…
And while the altar was created to celebrate Augustus’ return from the northern wars, the surviving iconography has little to do with it, let alone a clear depiction of the goddess Pax herself (Flower, 322). The entrance to the altar, however, does show two important scenes. The scene on the left shows a she-wolf with twins Remis and Romulus, while the scene on the right shows a man preparing to sacrifice a pig. There are many identifications of this sacrificial scene on the right. The man can be identified as Aneas or Numa, both Roman founders. “It is true that a pig was the victim most commonly offered to the household gods” (Ryberg, 80). Tellus, known as Mother Earth, would have been a common recipient of this sacrifice. These observations introduce two gods and emphasize ritualistic sacrifice through specific visual imagery. “Paintings and sculptures of animal subjects also constituted an important part of Augustan display and each functioned as an integral unit of meaning in a programmatic design” (Kellum, 30). There are many animals displayed in the Ara Pacis. One prominent one is
How much are you willing to sacrifice for another? Whether they are a family member or a complete stranger. In the novel The Kite Runner Baba was was willing to risk his life when he had stood up and was trying to stop the Russian soldier from rape the young woman as payment for letting them pass through one of the checkpoints. Then there had been Amir it was when he had suffered extreme injuries, nearly losing his life when he had fought Assef, so that he could save Sohrab for the abuse he was suffering from the Taliban. Both Character Baba and Amir were willing to sacrifice themselves for another person, regardless of who they were. Khaled Hosseini’s novel, The Kite Runner, teaches the reader sacrificing your life can lead to another person’s happiness through Baba saving the woman from the Russian soldier and Amir fighting Assef.
The human figures appear in the flesh color of the original clay, with the details and background painted using black slips. The contrasting sides not only have different stories, but have inconsistent artistic and craftsmanship ability, skill, and style. Because, recreation was so crucial to Greece, the story of Theseus and Helen appeared in many other forms. Although in the other vases I examined the characters were not deliberately labeled, the themes and styles remained constant and hinted at the same myth. Our narrator is consistent with the style of other vases using the red-figure technique, but different in imagery.
Pyrrhus has become like a wild animal and he allows himself to be driven by rage. The first reaction of Aeneas to seeing his king slaughtered barbarically at the altar of his own gods is utter horror. For the first time that night, inhuman shuddering took me from head to foot. I stood unmanned, and my dear fathers image came to mind...
In the Ancient Middle East, the Roman time periods brought about many different works of art. The Votive Statue of Gudea, an Ancient Near Eastern work, and the Augustus of Primaporta, a Roman work, are good representations of art from their respective time periods. The two works have many similarities and differences within their formal elements, iconography, and historical significance to the time periods in which they were crafted. The Votive Statue of Gudea and the Augustus of Primaporta have similar formal elements through their subjects and differ through their styles and size. The Votive Statue of Gudea is a statue of Gudea, a ruler in the Ancient Near East.
And just like the Greek the statue are both big and almost human size. A great example of this is the “Augustus of Primaporta, 1st century C.E. (Vatican Museums).” It truly shows the evolution of art sculpting. It is a full size very detailed sculpture of Augustus. It very detailed from his hair showing every curl and split to the small details in his armor that also depicts a story as well is shows the god of the sky looking down on him and the goddess of the earth looking up towards him as they watch the Parthians surrender to him and returning the standards shows the great power that Augustus has, and not just that but also the sculpture itself is a symbol for how Augustus wanted everyone to see him as, as god like. And it even has a little small cupid on the side which is also detailed which shows that Augusts is decedent from a
Apuleius' Golden Ass, the only surviving novel of the Roman Empire, is a tale of a Greek nobleman devoting his life to the goddess Isis following his transformation to an ass and back. Although a work of fiction, the novel reveals a great deal about religion in Apuleius' society. This information, however, must be viewed with a critical eye. He incorporates stories from Greco-Roman mythology not to affirm their validity, but to reveal their commonness to society. Apuleius insults other religions that are not of the Pantheon with severe viciousness, while the general public may have been more open to them. In the end, he praises Isis and Osiris as the supreme gods while giving first hand account of their righteousness. Overall, Apuleius' view of religion cannot be trusted.
Now, one of the main problems of mythology is reconciling the mind to this brutal precondition of all life, which lives by the killing and eating of lives. You don’t kid yourself by eating only vegetables, either, for they, too, are alive. So the essence of life is this eating of itself! Life lives on lives, and the reconciliation of the human mind and sensibilities to that fundamental fact is one of the functions of some of those very brutal rites in which the ritual consists chiefly of killing—in imitation, as it were, of that first, primordial crime, out of which arose this temporal world, in which we all participate. The reconciliation of mind to the conditions of...
Through the means of commemorating and remembering those of prestige and importance, tombs and sarcophagi are produced of these individuals. This funerary manner and distinctive burial practice was initiated Etruscan culture and it developed through the means of cremation and inhumation in earns. The concept of placing the remains of individuals in elaborate, thought out spaces was a valuable attribute of these people. The Etruscan objective of creating the best possible outcome in the afterlife dictated the way in which individuals ornamented and became portrayed in their tombs. Presen...
In ancient times, the Greeks had absolute and undeniable respect for their gods. They demonstrated their admiration by putting in place many rituals and celebrations to reverence the gods that they loved and feared in order to ensure harmony with them. In particular, the focus will be on the religious beliefs of the Greeks, including prayer and sacrifice, as well as on festivals and the arts, such as the ancient Olympic games and theatre. These aspects of their culture made a significant contribution to their quality of life. Moreover, these topics will be examined in relation to the twelve Olympian gods and their associates.
The decursio sides are representations of Antoninus Pius’ deification and funerary rites. The depiction consists of the cavalry circling the standing figures, two of whom carry military standards, while the rest are wearing their cuirass. These scenes represent the ceremony that is essential for the deification of the imperial members. The style that is used within these sides is in relief form, yet they also break from the traditional Classical style. The variation of the Classical style is prominent by depicting stocky human forms and using two types of perspective within a single space. The figures also lack the gracefulness of other works during this time that follow the Classical style. The perspective of the piece is unclear where the figures seem to be suspended in space for what seems to be an overhead view while at the same time using a single perspective. Despite the deviation of the Classical style this p...
I chose this sculpture because I was intrigued by the position of the man and the centaur. I was able to witness that the centaur is trying to invade the personal space of the man. The sculpture showed me that there is a strong relationship between man and creature. The quality of the sculpture made me realize that animals play a big part of a human’s life and can be seen as threatening to humans. It was interesting to see that both the man and centaur were created to have almost of the same structures. This statue has a metallic brown and green, bronze tone and appeared undersized. It has a height of four and a half feet, and six inches. It has long, thin, legs with calf muscles, and bulging thighs. The sculpture evolved from Olympia, Greece. The man and centaur sculpture was created in 750 BCE during an orderly time period. The colors used for this sculpture, proved that it has a longer lasting mold for statues. On the left side of the sculpture, the man has a wrap on his head, that can symbolize, he is some form of a god. On the right side, the centaur has the same head piece as the man, but the body of a horse. It can be seen that the man and
The Ara Pacis (“Altar of Augustan Peace” in Latin) is one of the most representative works of Augustan art. The monument was dedicated on 4 July 13 B.C to honor the return of Augustus after three years in Spain and Gaul, which were his last military operations, and commemorate military victories. The altar was an impressive example of the culture of Rome in general and illustration of prosperous Rome. The monument is a visual medium to represent that peace is the result of military victories and his proconsular power on the land and sea. Karl Galinsky, a Professor of Classics at the University of Texas at Austin says that the Ara Pacis is linked with the concept that pace is the result of military victories. According to him, Augustus mentioned the importance of the Ara Pacis in Res Gestae by saying, “On my return from Spain and Gaul in the consulship of Tiberius Nero and Publius Quintilius, after I had successfully arranged affairs in those provinces, the senate decreed that an altar of the Augustan Peace should be consecrated next to the Campus Martius in honor of my return, and ordered that the magistrates and priests and the Vestal Virgins perform an annual sacrifice there” (Karl Galinsky, 1996). He avoided building an altar in the senate chamber to honor his return. Instead, he ordered to build an altar to Pax Agusta in which one mile away from the sacred boundary of the city. It means that the altar was meant not only to be a monument of military achievement, but also a vision of the Roman religion. This research aims on function, structure of the altar, and reliefs on each side of the precinct wall.
The Dying Gaul sculpture was created to show the character of the person it was modeled after. They were an honorable opponent and the creator wanted to show that, just as they were courageous and determined because he wanted to get back up and fight even though they were dying. This is similar to this sarcophagus because it show cases aspects of the individuals personality just like this sarcophagus. The next piece that this sarcophagus is similar to is the Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus because they are both sarcophagi that were created in order to show personal traits of the deceased. In the case of Junius it depicts various biblical scenes including Adam and Eve, and Abraham sacrificing Isaac, which the deceased may have felt personally connected
The city of Rome delivers rich culture, influential architecture, and beautiful scenery that collectively demonstrate a course of great history and a prominent civilization. There are various structures from Imperial Rome that are highly recognized and mentioned within artistic research. Some examples include the Pantheon, Basilica Ulpia, Flavian Amphitheater, Arch of Titus, and Column of Trajan. Also referred to as Trajan’s Column, the iconic sculpture retains a prestigious appearance as it’s shown with characteristics of empowering height and intricate detail (Fig. 1). When analyzing such a remarkable piece of artwork one should consider the different elements that pertain to the subject matter and historical context. With that in mind, this paper presents the argument that the column is not only a portrayal of the Dacian Wars but also a funerary monument, paradigm of military inspiration, and tribute to Trajan’s reign.
In fact, some of the works presented depict mythological paintings that resemble the transcending Metaphysical matter of nature. Take for instance, the general aspect of the artworks presented in this chapter. They depict different social levels through the use of objects, emotions and various conditions. The lower status contradicts, the slaves to the wealthy and royalty, all delineate the role of the people present in the society and their everyday life. In the images, the poor and the slaves depicted with little to no possessions, looking tired and over-worked. Through their everyday labor, they must survive as a less fortunate person. In contrast to the images of the po...