Ap Us History Chapter 4 Essay

1. History is the study of human recorded past. ECCO stands for expectations, constraints, choices, and outcomes.

2. The Native Americans began the "Making of America" around 30,000-40,000 years ago. They came to America by Beringia, the land bridge from Asia to North America that was exposed during the last ice age.

3. Some of the early sedentary groups in nowadays USA were the Cahokia, Anasazi, and the Acoma. The Cahokia settled in Wisconsin around the Mississippi valley area, the Anasazi settled in the Chaco Canyon in northern new Mexico, and the Acoma settled in a Pueblo settlement in New Mexico, which is also known as "Sky City". Some societal characteristics of these groups were that the Cahokia depended on a combination of hunting, foraging, trading, and agriculture for food and supplies, the Anasazi built apartment-like structures along the faces of cliffs, and the Acoma have the oldest, continuously inhabited site in the current-day United States.

4. Today, it has been though that in 1492, 40 million people lived in the Americas. Estimates have shown that in the area of nowadays USA, the number of Native Americans were around 2-18 million people.

5. The meaning of "The Columbian Exchange" is "the interactions and exchanges of people, animals, plants, diseases, technology, beliefs, and cultures among the continents of Europe,

Africa, Asia, and the Americas" (Dr. Beninati, The Columbian Exchange). The Columbian Exchange would also change our planet for years to come.

6. It is important to learn about the Taino peoples because they were apart of the Columbian Exchange. Almost the entire Taino population fell to war or disease, which was an outcome of the Columbian Exchange.

7. Some of the first European explorers to reach the Western Hemisphere were the Norse, Christopher Columbus, and John Cabot. The Norse were the first to reach the Western Hemisphere, getting there around 985, Christopher Columbus was the first to discover the Caribbean (at least officially recorded, with the Norse unofficially doing so), and John Cabot discovered rich fishing grounds, later used heavily by Europeans.

8. Some of the earliest English attempts at colonization were by Humphrey Gilbert in1578 and by Humphrey's half-brother Walter Raleigh in 1585. In 1578, Humphrey received a patent from Queen Elizabeth, and set sail. He later was lost at sea, and that's when in 1585, Walter took up the mission. At first, Walter established a colony on Roanoke Island, off the coast of North Carolina, and the colony was later abandoned, and no other attempt was successful for another 20 years.

9. Anne Hutchinson played an important role in colonizing North America by challenging the power and authority of the church. and stating that people need to have faith in God, and not just do good deeds. Deborah Dunch Moody played an important role in colonization by being the founder of the only permanent settlement planned and directed by a woman.

10. The Colonial-Indian relations ranged from friendly to hostile. Friendly relations were those such as the trading and bartering between the colonies and the tribes, leading to new technological advancements for Native Americans. Hostile relations, such as the first Native American uprising in Virginia in 1622, where around 347 Europeans were killed, lingered longer than the friendly relations.

11. Pennsylvania was different from the other colonies by their politics and interactions. In Pennsylvania, women were given rights far before any other colony would do so. Also, Pennsylvania's interactions with Native Americans were also more peaceful, with Native Americans getting paid for the land on which Pennsylvanians settled upon.

12. Indentured servitude was where poor migrants would sell themselves as service contracts to captains of vessels or to the Virginia or Massachusetts Bay Companies as contract laborers. These indentured servants were important because they both increased the population of British colonies and helped to literally build the foundations of cities and towns.

13. The colonial economy of New England was made up of grain, wood, and later rum and slaves. The triangular trade was where traders would buy slaves off the coast of Africa for New England rum, then sell the slaves in the West Indies, where they would then buy molasses to bring back and sell to rum makers.

14. A yeoman farmer was someone who worked small tracts, sat in popular assemblies and found their way into political office. They differed from southern planters, who were supported by slave labor, held the most political power, had the best land and houses, and also kept in contact with the world of culture overseas as much as they could.

15.

Benjamin Franklin contributed to the intellectual development of America by forming a debating club, that would in time be the embryo of the American Philosophical Society, and also lead to the founding of a public academy that would eventually develop into the University of Pennsylvania. Franklin contributed culturally by traveling to many European countries, and bringing back their culture with him, as well as also proposing that the turkey be our national bird. Finally, he contributed politically helping draft the constitution, negotiating the Treaty of Paris, and finally a delegate of the U.S constitutional

convention.

16. The Great Awakening was a religious reaction in the 1730s lead by George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards. The impact it had on the colonies was that gave rise to evangelical denominations, which were Christian churches that believe in self conversion and the inerracy of the Bible, and also the spirit of revivalism, which even in America now continues to play a significant role in religious and cultural life.

17. The Mayflower Compact is important to our history because it was the legal document that influenced the writing of the Declaration of Independence. The Mayflower Compact was also important because it was the first governing document in the colonies.

18. Some problems faced by England were their civil war and Oliver Cromwell's Puritan Commonwealth. This affected the colonies because England could not pursue effective colonial policies at the time.

19. Factors that led to the French and Indian war were that Great Britain and France claimed the same territory, and both countries attempted to capture forts of one another along the Ohio River Valley. The outcome of the war was the British-imposed taxes and trade restrictions on the colonists, the mandate of the Proclamation of 1763, and the Peace of Paris, in which the French relinquished all of Canada, the Great Lakes, and all their territory east of the Mississippi to the British.

20. Some ways the colonists established a different society that would contribute to an exceptional nation were that they started a self governing body while under the ruling of England, and that they were willing to stand up to a power much stronger than they were. The colonies in my eyes first became different when they started to self regulate and govern, which was different at the time. Also, the colonies were different by standing up to their ruling nation, being England, before anyone else did. Both of these events led to the creation of an exceptional nation that has a strong government as well as the fight to stand up to anybody, no matter their size or power.

ECCO Essay

Introduction

George Whitefield, an Anglican priest, expected to be different from other priests. Whitefield faced the constraints of the American clergy. Though he had second guesses, he chose to continue, which led to the outcome known as the "First Great Awakening".

Expectations

George Whitefield experienced a strong religious awakening he called the "new birth" during his school years. Whitefield expected to be different, with preaching outdoors and going over the heads of other priests.

Constraints

While in America, Whitefield faced the constraints of the clergy, who felt that he was challenging their authority. With Whitefield moving freely, clergy believed he would disrupt the normal social decorum.

Choices

During the 1740s, Whitefield second guessed his thoughts on the movement he ignited. George chose to go forth because he felt it was too late to back down.

Outcomes

The outcome of Whitefield's sermons and preaching contributed greatly to the Great Awakening, which the effects still linger today.