Field Notes: Week One
Since I am not positive on the best way of doing field notes, I have decided to explain what every point from the task list means and then go more in depth with some of them after the readings and my daily experience.
1. Explain and behave in accordance with the philosophical assumptions of behavior analysis (FK 01-FK 09):
FK01: Lawfulness of Behavior
Lawfulness of behavior, similar to determinism, states that events are related in systematic ways to other factors. In other words, events do not happen by accident. Doing this in an ABA standpoint would mean seeing that one behavior may be connected to another behavior and the event that happened was possibly influenced by something else.
FK02: Selectionism (phylogenic,
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In ABA this would be helpful in looking at what each behavior could be caused by and if it could be part of selectionism.
FK03: Determinism
Determinism, related to lawfulness of behavior, is the practice that the universe is a lawful and orderly place in which all phenomena occur as a result of other events.
FK04: Empiricism
Empiricism is the practice of objective observation of the phenomena of interest. In psychology, it is viewed as a "blank state" view of mind. In an ABA standpoint, this would look like looking at every new behavior with a "blank state" view of mind. In other words, thinking that the behavior does not have a past cause can keep a professional's mind fresh.
FK05: Parsimony
This means the simplest explanation is normally the one that will account for the observed phenomena. Doing this in an ABA standpoint would mean trying to give an explanation that would make the most sense and account for the most behavior seen.
FK06: Pragmatism
Pragmatism is the view that the truth value of a theory is to be identified in its practical consequences. For an ABA standpoint, this could be seen as not teaching a child something that will not be useful in their life. If a child cannot even use the restroom without a lot of assistance, then teaching them how to do multiplication would not be
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All of these steps are closely associated and have made more and more steps towards helping behaviorism grow as a science. Respondent conditioning is most known for Ivan Pavlov and his study on dogs and clicker training. With associationism there was Edward Thorndike who studied cats and came up with the Law of Effect and the Law of Exercise. With behaviorism came John Watson who is famous for baby Albert. Watson studied fear and conditions on fear by conditioning Albert to being afraid of a white rat due to the loud noise he was conditioned to hearing when seeing the rat. Less well known was Jones who was able to desensitize a young boy of fear. This helped show that fear is a learned behavior and not something that we are born with. Finally, B. F. Skinner studied operant conditioning and focused on animals, mostly pigeons and rats. He was also able to compare the studied animal behavior to human behavior and see that the two are closely directed, and thus, was able to use some of the results on his animal experiments to help further human
1. Summary: From small incidences, we can distinguish two types of people: the ones who sigh in frustration out of small mistakes and those who promptly deal with them without uttering any more than a single complaint or sigh. According to Michael D. Robinson(PHD at North Dakota State University), how we cope with these most dull incidents can reveal a lot about us as humans and our temperaments. In fact, this small deviation in behavior can prove detrimental to our health long term. Just as significantly stressful events can cause stress hormones to flood throughout our body, these small incidents can harm us according to Nancy Nicolson(associate professor of psychiatry and psychology at Maastricht University). Furthermore, Nicolson points to a 10-15% increase in cortisol levels for such small annoyances, which may be small compared to the 100% increase that we usually experience from greatly stressful events such as tests, but when accumulated over time, can lead to a bad combined effect. Carmen Sandi further states that feeling chronically stressed can weaken the immune system and increase heart disease. Rosalind S. Dorlen adds on, claiming that mental strategies can be practiced to help us exercise the brain region responsible for reasoning as long as we train ourselves to deal with this persistent tissue. Next, the article lists 5 signs of stress and how to deal with them. Often, we feel inconvenienced about a situation such as when a bus comes late and view our waiting of it as a “waste of time”. Perhaps, Dorlen concludes, we should try to see why the bus may have been late and take the issue from their perspective such as a maj...
Chapter 4 discusses the several states of consciousness: the nature of consciousness, sleep and dreams, psychoactive drugs, hypnosis, and meditation. Consciousness is a crucial part of human experience, it represents that private inner mind where we think, feel, plan, wish, pray, omagine, and quietly relive experiences. William James described the mind as a stream of consciousness, a continuous flow of changing sensations, images thoughts, and feelings. Consciousness has two major parts: awareness and arousal. Awareness includes the awareness of the self and thoughts about one's experiences. Arousal is the physiological state of being engaged with the environment. Theory of mind refers to individuals understanding that they and others think,
Buddha, Confucius, and other lesser known Hebrew scholars philosophized on the mind in an expansive sense.
We shall consider Skinner’s Operant Conditioning theory as another type of example on Conceptual Critiques (Skinner, 1963). His theory states that the best way to understand a behavior is to look at the association made between the behavior and the consequence of that behavior. Although Skinner’s primary interest was in human behavior, most of his research was done on animals using laboratory apparatus well known as the Skinner box.
Moving forward, according to John Cowburn author of Free Will, Predestination and Determinism (2008), “determinism is the philosophical view is that all humans’ actions are predetermined and that every event an individual encounters can be explained.” (p. 144)” Thus, every event that has happened in one’s life, happens as a result of previous events.
Crying is important in infant development, as it’s infants’ way of communicating with the world surrounding them. The types of crying an infant does is thus important to understand, to know what the infant needs as he/she cannot explain themselves with the spoken language. Furthermore, crying is important to know whether or not the infants lungs have filled with air, since they couldn’t be crying without that, but also crying infants render signs that, for an example tells whether the newborn baby’s central nervous system works and functions. There are three types of cries: a basic cry, anger cry, and an in pain cry. The basic cry is what some experts
Determinism is the theory that everything is caused by antecedent conditions, and such things cannot be other than how they are. Though no theory concerning this issue has been entirely successful, many theories present alternatives as to how it can be approached. Two of the most basic metaphysical theories concerning freedom and determinism are soft determinism and hard determinism.
In 1913 a new movement in psychology appeared, Behaviorism. “Introduced by John Broadus Watson when he published the classic article Psychology as the behaviorist views it.” Consequently, Behaviorism (also called the behaviorist approach) was the primary paradigm in psychology between 1920 to 1950 and is based on a number of underlying ‘rules’: Psychology should be seen as a science; Behaviorism is primarily concerned with observable behavior, as opposed to internal events, like thinking and emotion; People have no free will – a person’s environment determines their behavior; Behavior is the result of stimulus resulting in a response; and All behavior is learned from the environment. How we process these stimuli and learn from our surrounds
In John Updike’s “A&P”, a young man named Sammy is working at a supermarket in the early 1960’s, three teenage girls come in the store in their swim wear. The girls begins shopping, and are later told that they are not aloud to shop in the store due to the attire they chose to wear into the store. Sammy sees an opportunity to impress the girls, so he stands up to his boss. He quits his job, unties his apron in front of the manager, and walks out. Many call this story a bildungsroman, or coming-of-age narrative, because it displays the psychological or moral development of the protagonist, Sammy, from youth to maturity, once he recognizes his place in the world.
The main dynamic of Applied Behavior Analysis is it capacity of being able to measuring Behavior. Behavior is described as “The dead Man Rule” (If a dead man can do it than it is not a behavior, the behavior must be obs...
Introspection and behaviorism used to be two very popular styles of research. Introspection is the process of observing one's own mental, or emotional processes. Whereas behaviorism is the theory that both human and animal behavior can be changed by conditioning. These styles created a new way for researchers to expand their theories. While this style of research was prominent for several years, the psychology community soon began to realize that they both had certain limitations.
Behaviorism is a theory that states that humans and animals can be explained in terms of their behavior without reference to their thoughts and feelings. How a person behaves tells us about the person and thoughts and feelings are meaningless without outward expression. There are two kinds of behaviorism that I will discuss in this essay, Psychological Behaviorism and Logical Behaviorism.
“Behavior theory consists of ideas about how human actions and emotions develop, are sustained, and are extinguished through principles of learning” (Walsh, 2010). Positive and negative reinforcement is used to help manipulate the behaviors of the individual. The theory has been used to help eliminate unwanted behaviors. In addition, behavior theory has been use primarily with children, and persons with developmental disabilities. According to Walsh (2010) behavior theory evolved in the 1960s from a field of philosophy to the field of science. Ivan Pavlov discovered classical conditioning, which plays a major role in behavioral theory. Classical conditioning is the process of learning through ones surroundings, conditioned, and unconditioned stimuli and response. B. F. Skinner discovered operant conditioning the process of learning to influence the future responses to the environment (Clark, 2004). The two concepts has been used throughout the behavior theory to help assist clients with unacceptable behaviors that is occurring. The combination of the two concepts has been a very helpful aspect to the behavior theory. Both concepts offer a different approach or solution to the behavior of the client.
Behaviorism is a learning theory or a developmental theory that measures observable behaviors that are produced by the learner’s response to stimuli. On one end of the spectrum behaviorism is known as an attitude. At the other end, it is known as a doctrine. According to the behavioral views of human development, behaviorists argued that to focus attention on unobservable constructs, such as emotions, thoughts, or the unconscious, was an unscientific approach.(Craig & Dunn, Ex.: 2010)
Behaviorism is the point of view where learning and behavior are described and explained in terms of stimulus-response relationships. Behaviorists agree that an individual’s behaviors is a result of their interaction with the environment. Feedback, praise and rewards are all ways people can respond to becoming conditioned. The focus is on observable events instead of events that happen in one’s head. The belief that learning has not happened unless there is an observable change in behavior. “The earliest and most Ardent of behaviourists was Watson (1931; Medcof and Roth, 1991; Hill 1997). His fundamental conclusion from many experimental observations of animal and childhood learning was that stimulus-response (S-R) connections are more likely to be established the more frequently or recently an S-R bond occurs. A child solving a number problem might have to make many unsuccessful trials before arriving at the correct solution” (Childs, 2004).