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Effective and appropriate communication
The importance of studying intercultural communication
The importance of studying intercultural communication
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Recommended: Effective and appropriate communication
Anxiety/Uncertainty Management (AUM) Theory is proposed by Gudykunst, describing the motivational aspects of communicating with members of other cultures is based upon an ideal degree of anxiety and uncertainty (J. Reichheld, personal communication, October 25, 2016). Essentially, the elements, anxiety and uncertainty, determine when and how we decided to communicate with another. AUM initially begin with on an interpersonal level which is later developed to an intercultural and cross-cultural perspective (Rui & Wang, 2015). It is essentially a fundamental theory to the Intercultural Communication Studies field where a lot of attention is given to the theory when developing and expanding on other theories. Understanding AUM permits the communicators …show more content…
Intercultural communication studies investigate the effectiveness of communication, especially cross-culturally, and the ways that members from different cultures come into an interaction with different cultural frames. The theory is critical to the understanding of the intercultural studies discipline as it can be applied in intercultural, interpersonal, and cross-cultural communication. The communicators usually have different frameworks in viewing the world which includes the difference in beliefs and values (J. Reichheld, personal communication, February 8, 2016). When anxiety and uncertainty reach the catastrophe point, where stress is too high, communicators are not able to remain mindful and tend to communicate based on their own predetermined frameworks (J. Reichheld, personal communication, October 25, 2016). It can easily offend the other party by not being mindful, leading to ineffective communication or unwillingness to communicate at all (Imamura & Zhang, 2014). It can bring out ethnocentrism since the communicator represents the culture where cultural patterns are shown through communication (J. Reichheld, personal communication, February 8, 2016). The maintenance of an optimal level will allow for effective communication between members of different cultures. Successful communication then allows for cultural
Asuncion-Landé, N. C., & Pascasio, E. M. (1981). Building bridges across cultures: Perspectives on intercultural communication--theory and practice. Manila, Philippines: Solidaridad Pub. House.
Ting-Toomey, Stella., & Chung, Leeva C. (2012). Understanding Intercultural Communication. Oxford University Press. 43, 159-160.
Martin, Judith N., and Thomas K. Nakayama. Intercultural Communication in Contexts. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2013. Print.
Martin, J. N., & Nakayama, T. K. (2013). Intercultural Communication in Contexts (6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
This theory has been subject to many articles and studies in the communication and social departments. Indeed, studying this theory can help us understanding human relations in interpersonal communication. Each of us has been one day confronted to uncertainty, whereas in initial encounters, or moving to a new a new place, or beginning a new work.
In the world of communication, there are many theories which describe different ways people communicate. According to Doctor Thomas Hanitzsch, an associate professor of communication at the University of Munich in Germany, “Communication Theory is an international forum publishing high quality, original research into the theoretical development of communication from across a wide array of disciplines” (“Communication Theory”). A specific communication theory that will be highlighted is the Face-Negotiation theory developed by Stella Ting-Toomey. Simply stated, Dr. Ting-Toomey suggests that conflict is a consequence of identity management on an individual and cultural level, and occurs when an individual or group’s face is threatened. Similarly, people from individualistic, low context cultures interact differently from collectivist, high context cultures. This means that “people from collectivistic cultures with an interdependent self-image are concerned with giving ‘other-face’ or ‘mutual face,’ so they adopt a conflict style of ‘avoiding or integrating’” (Griffin “List”). Likewise, “people from individualistic cultures with an independent self-image are concerned with protecting self-face, so they adopt a conflict style of ‘dominating’” (Griffin “List”).
When individuals or groups from different cultures communicate, this process is called intercultural communication. The transaction process of listening and responding to people from different cultural backgrounds can be challenging. The greater the difference in culture between two people, the greater the potential of misunderstanding and mistrust. Misunderstanding and miscommunication occur between people from different cultures because of different coding rules and cultural norms, which play a major role in shaping the patterns of interaction (Jandt, 2012).
Self-disclosure is the best aid to help people who are from different cultures to communicate effectively in verbal and non-verbal way. Bae stated that they do not need to have verbal communication to be self-disclosure (as cited in Tili and Barker, 2015, p.201). Using non-verbal expression also can explain the importance of self-disclosure. Non-verbal communication also can express who they are and what they think about. Of course, non-verbal communication might cause some misunderstandings among different cultures. However, even if people use non-verbal communication, expressing their feelings and thoughts can avoid misunderstandings and provide effect intercultural communication. There is an example of the useful of non-verbal communication and how non-verbal communication help intercultural communication. According to Sunaoshi (2005), she analyzed one conversation between American and Japanese. She found how they compensate the limitation of language and differences in communication style by paralinguistic elements (pp. 196-201). In their conversation, two people are in the situation that the language is limited. Instead of the language, they exploit many non-verbal cues to tell the information such as gaze, gesture, and positioning. Especially, during the confirmation of quantity, non-verbal communication has a great impact to communicate. Sunaoshi (2005) analyzed this conversation and found Japanese who
Today workforce is faced with a much more complex situation like national origin, culture and subcultures, accents, and language barriers and so on. Clarity in communication is vital in business. It is necessary to understand the concepts of cultural competence and cultural adaptability. These concepts help individuals interact across cultures without judgment. This ability enables them to approach communication issues with more patience and a stronger desire to reach an understanding that works for everyone. They are not concerned about doing it their way but target more on finding a middle ground that respects and includes everyone. The different communication styles are;
7.Paul E. Rohrlich, "Why Do We Study Intercultural Communication?," in Culture, Communication and Conflict: Readings in Intercultural Relations, 2d ed., ed. Gary R. Weaver (Needham Heights, MA: Simon & Schuster Publishing, 1998), 84-87.
The Communication Accommodation Theory developed by Giles while broad and complex is undeniably important to the field of Communication Studies. The broad focus of CAT can be perceived as a drawback, but could also be viewed as a merit by allowing researchers to apply CAT principles in almost any situation dealing with communication between representatives of differing cultural backgrounds. By using CAT, Communication Researchers can objectively make observations of the communication strategies, as well as the motivations for those strategies on both small and large scales. By understanding such information, individuals and organizations alike could potentially make great strides in the improvement of relations with other cultural counterparts. In a sense, the Communication Accommodation Theory is significant because it can be applied to any cultural interaction, can help disseminate the causes of intercultural incongruity, and potentially help prevent future misunderstanding.
Intercultural communication is an evolving discipline that occurs between individuals from contrasting backgrounds. It include...
unknown. (n.d.). The relationship between Culture and Communication. Retrieved November 20, 2010, from jrank.org: http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/articles/pages/6491/culture-and-communication.html
Humans have been communicating since four million years. On the other hand, the birth of culture is estimated to have taken place about 35,000 years ago. Today, both culture and communication have evolved considerably and have become interdependent of one another, to the point that communication is considered to be a product of culture. Thus, our own culture has a deep impact on our thoughts and behaviors. Since each culture has its distinct aspects, intercultural communication can be the cause of conflict and disorder. There are three main issues which are at the root of the problem of intercultural miscommunication : language as a barrier, cultural diversity and ethnocentrism. I will analyze these three notions in situations in which intercultural communication is frequent such as : the workplace, the classroom and vacation trips.
To elaborate, by mentioning intercultural understanding, I meant that each cultural group has different ways to communicate. For example, Western culture encourages people to be up-front and straight-forward with their communication; contrastly, people who are influenced by Eastern culture might be less outspoken about their ideas and pay a lot of attention to nonverbal language of the people around them. Culture is something that if one have never encountered or exposed to it, he or she would never know. I hope that after this project, besides of the knowledge we gained from the research itselves, all four of us would improve even more on our intercultural and interpersonal communication skills. Because at the end of the day, the knowledge that one have learnt might be forgotten, but all of the skills that one have gained will stay for a very long time.