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PHIL 2003H Final Exam
1. Anthony Appiah argues that race is less central to our (Western) ethical identities than gender. Explain this claim and Appiah’s argument for it. Do you think he is right? Why or why not? Response: One of Appiah’s main points regarding how race is less central to our ethical identities than gender, is that race is not biological. He continues to explain that race and ethnicity should be considered in the same way because they are both voluntary. While discussing the correlation between ones ethical identity and gender Appiah demonstrates his thoughts using himself as a metaphorical example. He argues that had he been born a male, circumcised improperly and then changed into a female as an infant, his social gender would have been changed because society would see him as a female despite his chromosomal, biological gender. He continues to break down how had he had a sex change, there would be two potential outcomes that would depend on how strong his social masculinity is. Transexuals, he discusses, may say that after transitioning they are still the same ethical person because they were always their current gender despite the chromosomal implications. One of Appiah’s greatest distinctions is the difference between social gender and biological gender,
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When it comes to ethical identity I think of personality and core values and I think that changing from a man or women would shift those values greater than changing from Irish to American. Women and men are so complex due to how society has created gendered expectations starting at birth, that it seems almost impossible for someone who is “raise as a girl” or “raised as a boy” to not have adopted many values and traits because he or she is that gender. Although, it does seem clear that race and ethnicity also play a role in one’s ethical identity, just a smaller
Racism is against equality, divides unions and promotes stratification. The differences that humans have created between race are some of the causes of America's division. From thousands of years ago, racial injustice has meant oppression for Hispanics, Asians, and blacks primarily. Although racism is not as visible nowadays, it still exists, but it is more subtle, which means that sometimes it is difficult to identify an action that has a discriminatory purpose. In the article “The Great White Way” by Debra J. Dickerson, she presents the impact that race has in America, and emphasizes the real purpose of having the “whiteness” status. Similarly, in the letter to his teenage son called “Between The World And Me” written by Ta-nehisi Coates,
Shelby, T. (2002) “Is Racism in the Heart?” In G. L. Bowie, M. W. Michaels, and R. C. Solomon (Eds.), Twenty Questions: An Introduction to Philosophy (479-483). Boston, MA: Wadsworth.
Race-thinking: what is it? Isn’t the world past the issue of race? Do races even exist and if so, what does it mean to have a racial identity? Is colorblindness possible and how important is it? These are the questions Paul Taylor addresses in the book “Race: A Philosophical Introduction”. Paul Taylor is a self-proclaimed “radical constructionist” who will maintain that race is very real in our world and in the United States as a whole (p. 80). Taylor takes care to ensure he addresses the real needs concerning racial dynamics in the U.S., referencing historical events, prevailing policy affairs, and even pop culture to explain that everyone capable of forming opinions ought to have some sort of grasp of the concept of race-thinking. As Taylor will analyze, race and race-thinking “has shaped and continues to shape private interactions as well as the largest political choices” (p. 8). In other words, race-thinking encompasses everything we do and every interaction we have. In this paper I will attempt to interpret and expound Taylor’s views and definitions of race, concepts associated with race, and input my own interpretations as they are appropriate.
Winant, Howard. 2000 "Race and race theory." Annual review of sociology ():-. Retrieved from http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/faculty/winant/Race_and_Race_Theory.html on Mar 17, 1980
There is a specific meaning to race and how its role impacts society and shapes the social structures. Race is a concept that “symbolizes social conflicts and interests by referring to different types of human bodies” (Omi & Winant 55). In other words, Omi and Winant get down to the crux of the issue and assert that race is just an illusion. Race is merely seen as an ideological construct that is often unstable and consisting of decentered social meanings. This form of social construction attempts to explain the physical attributes of an individual but it is constantly transformed by political struggles. The rules of classifying race and of identity are embedded into society’s perception. Therefore, race becomes a common function for comprehending, explaining, and acting in the
II. Thesis 9: The Racial Contract has always been recognized by nonwhites as the real determinant of (most) white moral/political/practice
Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.” (Nelson Mandela). The concept of race is widely debated among social classes and among the individual levels of insight. In the past doctors and many other men of science attempted to divide us by “race” in the sense that our exterior features as human beings separated us from the only race, the human race. The documentary “Race the power of an illusion” took us through the history of racial division which gave the minorities the short end of the stick. The ideology that is supported by substantial evidence that race is no more than a facade, and travels no deeper than a few exterior differences. This somewhat recent discovery has not made an impact on society. Around the world, society refuses to accept the idea that there is no such thing as one race and it affects everybody that has been raised to think we are all genetically different based on demographics and exterior features. The effects of these unscholarly and ignorant beliefs are thoroughly examined in the documentary, Langston Hughes poetry, and Alan McPherson short stories.
Muhammad Ali, a famous boxer, once said, “Hating People because of their color is wrong. And it doesn’t matter which color does the hating. I’s just plain wrong” (Goodreads, 2015). For many centuries, ethnic conflict between the humans have existed immortally due the never changing differences of culture and values, spinning the cycle of war. Fortunately, some have ended however some still remain immortal in the eyes of those who have experience struggle to this date. The lack of awareness of problems in a cultural crisis concerning those who fall victim to a system and society that discriminates and alienates. With assistance of Critical Race Theory, this essay will examine how the role of race with has affected has caused consequences within the lives of marginalized groups within society through the lives and their relationship with those in their communities.
First; comes, the notion of nature. West and Zimmerman term this as sex, referring to a person’s biological makeup through genitalia, having a penis or vagina, or simply chromosomal pairing of XY or XX (29). Although there is no escape or control an individual has, if their foetal tissues formed into a penis or vagina, biology does play an underlying role in an individual’s identity and personality formation which is socially constructed. What is the correlation between biology and socially constructed gender then? The case study West and Zimmerman present of “Agnes, a transsexual person who was born (31), ” and raised a boy, but went through sex reassignment surgery, and identifies as a female, shows that although biology may result in a certain genitalia, an individual’s response to that may be one that is conforming or opposing to it. By the terms conforming and opposing I mean to say that Agnes could have either continued to
4. Wachtel, Paul L. Race in the Mind of America: Breaking the Vicious Circle between Blacks and Whites. New York: Routledge, 1999.
As a whole, racism is largely focused on individual people and very specific acts of oppression against very specific groups of people. But how do you define race? Omi and Winant (1994) argue that race and racism definitions as a whole are limited because they “neglect the institutional and ideological nature of race in America” (p. 10). Race relations are so ingrained in American culture that a 'true' definition of race has never been properly established. The narrow focus on individuals fails to note the impact racism has on society as a whole, especially in politics (Omi and Winant, p. 15). The authors also quote Glazer and Moynihan (1963) stating that ethnic groups are not solely bound by skin color or even by place of origin, but more commonly by “ties of interest” (Omi and Winant p. 18). By defining race and ethnicity by biological means, the fact that these ethnic and racia...
Blum, Lawrence. I'm Not A Racist But: The Moral Quandary of Race. New York: Cornell University Press, 2002. 5
Through the selected readings it becomes clear that race is not only a social construct but also a value that changes depending on the region in which one inhabits. Despite the lack of scientific support for race as a biological phenomenon, race still results in misfortune for many minorities. This present throughout everyday life in terms of job opportunities, education, and life experiences.
In today’s society, it is acknowledgeable to assert that the concepts of race and ethnicity have changed enormously across different countries, cultures, eras, and customs. Even more, they have become less connected and tied with ancestral and familial ties but rather more concerned with superficial physical characteristics. Moreover, a great deal can be discussed the relationship between ethnicity and race. Both race and ethnicity are useful and counterproductive in their ways. To begin, the concept of race is, and its ideas are vital to society because it allows those contemporary nationalist movements which include, racist actions; to become more familiar to members of society. Secondly, it has helped to shape and redefine the meaning of
The argument begins with these two sides stating that the gender roles in society, are fair on both sides and they in fact discriminate against the two sexes. Men are taught to be closed-off in times of stress and women are taught to be helpless and needy. This is how our society expects men to behave. Maybe in the near future as a culture, we will use gender transcendence, in which we will abandon our general idea as to how we are seen as men and women, so that other aspects of life become separate and gender free. When we accept that men and women are equal, society will learn that men do not always have to be the breadwinners in the family, but rather women can accept roles to take pressure off of