Anatomy and Physiology

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Anatomy and Physiology

The term homeostasis is used to mean maintenance of static or constant

conditions in the internal environment in the organism. Essentially

all of the organs and tissues of the body perform functions that help

to maintain these constant conditions. For instance, the lungs provide

oxygen to the extra cellular fluid to replenish oxygen that is being

used by the cells; the kidneys maintain constant ion concentrations

and the gastrointestinal system provides nutrients.

Not all substances absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract can be

used in their absorbed form by the cells. The liver changes the

chemical compositions of many of these substances to more useable

forms and other tissues of the body – fat cells, gastrointestinal

mucosa, kidneys, and endocrine glands - help to modify the absorbed

substances or store them until they are needed.

Nervous system is composed of three major parts: the sensory input

portion, the central nervous system) or integrated portion), and the

motor output portion. Sensory receptors detect the state of the body

or the state of the surrounding. For instance, receptors present

everywhere in the skin at any point. The eyes are sensory organs that

give one a visual image of the surrounding area, for instance human

getting image of coming to his direction carriage starts to run to

avoid crash. The central nervous system is composed of the brain and

spinal cord. The brain is made of three main parts: the forebrain,

midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain consists of the cerebrum,

thalamus, and hypothalamus (part of the limbic system). The midbrain

consists of the tectum and tegmentum. ...

... middle of paper ...

... increases the rates of

most chemical reactions in all cells. In this way, thyroid hormone

helps to set the tempo of body activity. Insulin controls glucose

metabolism; hormonal system mainly controls metabolic functions.

References:

1. Adolph, E., F.:Physiological integrations in action. The

physiologist, 25 Suppl.) 1, 1982.

2. Marmarelis V.Z. Adranced Methods of Physiological System Modeling.

New York, Plenum Publishing Corp., 1994.

3. Agnew, W.S.: Voltage-regulated sodium channel models. Annu. Rev.

Physiol., 46:517, 1984.

4. Higashida, H., et al.: Molecular Basis of Ion Channels and

Receptors Involved in Nerve Excitation, Synaptic Transmission, and

Muscle. New York Academy of Sciences. 1994.

5. Wexman, S.G. et al.: Nervous System and Neuron Structutre. New York,

Oxford University Press, 1995.

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