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Major theories of 1st and second language acquisition
Major theories of 1st and second language acquisition
Explicate the theory of first and second language acquisition
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There are many theories on how a person acquires a language. One can see that technology has influenced the way we input information as well as how we gather data based on these Second Language Acquisition (SLA) theories. For example, today’s technology has helped us study the way the human brain works, and this is what our theories of SLA are based on. So it is evident that many of the SLA theories are based on the way the human brain works and how it develops. Moving on, this case study is based on two Spanish speakers who are English Language Learners (ELL) and how they were led to determine the SLA on the subject of their speech. The two Spanish speakers that are analyzed during this investigation are Elizabeth, a five-year old girl, and …show more content…
According to the book, Linguistics for Non-Linguist by Frank Parker and Kathryn Riley, “Morphology is the study of word formation” (Parker & Riley, 2010, Pg 79 ). One can see that when these individuals are giving their summaries, they don’t follow the rules of English. Since, they are sub-conscious unaware. For example, when Clara stated “And he hanged”, it would make sense to someone whom spoke Spanish because it in the correct order. To clarify, the output of the morphology is inappropriate because of their primary language skills. It is evident because the word order is correct in Spanish; however, it does not follow the rules of English. To further explain this point hanged is not a word. The past tense of hang is hung. So it is evident that the word hang has a meaning itself, the word ed does not. In a morphology aspect, hang is a lexical morphemes because it has a meaning in and of themselves, while ed is consider to be a grammatical morpheme since it cannot stand alone and have a meaning of itself. All of these occurrences are essentially in morphology. Furthermore, we can make an assumption that Clara does not know the rules of past tense and this evident because she makes the same mistake throughout her document. Other examples in Clara’s retelling are when she says: the rabbit say, get burned and run, and sticked. Moreover,
In his realistic wartime novel, All Quiet on the Western Front, Erich Maria Remarque utilizes animal and nature imagery in order to reflect the destructiveness of war. Initially, as the gang trundles towards the front line in the truck and the artillery shells begin to whistle, "...there is suddenly in our veins...a tense waiting...a strange sharpening of senses. The body with one bound is in full readiness," (54). As this change in their blood occurs, the men become more animalistic, more aware and alert, losing their humanity to primal instinct in order to survive. With shocking ease, Paul and his veteran friends accept this change and manage to barely flinch as the bombing begins, demonstrating their war-hardened attitude. However, they
The term self-control, tends to be associated with behavior and emotions. Most would think of controlling behavior caused by emotion. They think of punching the wall because of anger, or not wanting to cry in public. In chapter 8 of the book “The Social Animal” by David Brooks. Brooks confronts misconceptions in the way people view self-control. Specifically, Brooks argues that self-control is more about what the mind gives attention too than about the controlling the emotion or action. Brooks uses the character of Erica and her tennis career to explain how to have self- control. Brooks explains, “She was reminding herself that she had a say in triggering which inner self would dominate her behavior. All she had to do was focus her attention
The relationship of the three species and their ancestors can be summarized by looking at the fossils above. It is evident that all of these three species possess fangs and other types of sharp, prominent teeth. These analogous features indicate that there is some similarity in ancestry, since they all form part of the same family group, although they come from different genus. However, there is some difference in the shape of the head. The coyote possesses a straighter jaw and more angular head. The wolf, on the other side, has a wider denture similar to the fox. These three species also share Homologous structures, such as fangs, are present in these species. Another homologous structure is the legs and ribs, since they all have a similar
Annie Dillard said “I think it would be well, and proper, and obedient, and pure to grasp your one necessity and not let it go”(879) in her story “Living Like Weasels”. This quote is stating that everyone should set a goal and work to achieve it. You should find one thing you can’t live without and cherish it forever. A necessity that no one should ever let go is their goals. One necessity that I feel i’ve never given up was my goal to be successful with basketball.
The Native American people have great respect and reverence for nature, in fact the animal spirits and other elemental spirits represent important roles in their daily life (Taylor). They view the world as an interconnected fabric of harmonious and inharmonious interaction between people and nature. One tribe in particular, the Miwok, consider the Coyote as an ancestor and creator of man; additionally, they consider Coyote as a trickster god (Godchecker). A Miwok myth recount a story from long ago in which animals were like people. In this tale, the Coyote and Falcon decided to create man. Coyote pretended to be dead, and permitted the buzzards and crows to eat his posterior (Bastian and Mitchell). As they dug in, he trapped them inside, and
In many cultures, we often have representations for the perfect being. For humans, we have gods that represent concepts or the ideal being. In Richard Adam’s novel, Watership Down, the rabbits have their own culture and their own model of a chief rabbit. The myths of El-ahrairah told throughout the story gives us an insight into “Lapine” culture, but he also serves as reminders of ideals and influences for the rabbits.
After Lenneberg's (1967) advanced analyses and interpretation of critical period in regards to first language acquisition, many researchers began to relate and study age issue in second language acquisition. In this area of study, Johnson and Newport (1989) is among the most prominent and leading studies which tries to seek evidence to test the Critical Period Hypothesis (CPH) in second language (L2) acquisition. This study aims to find identifying answers to the question of age-related effects on the proficiency for languages learned prior the puberty.
Coyote is a relative of the dog, wolf and jackal. The average male coyote weighs 8 to 20 kg (18 to 44 lb) and the average female 7 to 18 kg (15 to 40 lb) and has grayish-brown to yellowish-brown fur on top and whitish fur on its under parts, though it varies somewhat with geography. It has large triangular ears on the top of its head and a long, narrow muzzle. It has a black nose; yellow eyes; and a long, bushy tail.
The Coyote in the story “Fox and Coyote and Whale” is shaped as the beneficent culture hero. Coyote does not appear much during the story, but he is very helpful to Fox, especially when he tells him “I think your wife is in love with somebody else” (Mourning Dove, 1). Coyote did not have to tell Fox these words. He was just being a loyal friend. Based on Coyote’s actions, he identifies how his culture has taught him to be straight forward no matter the situation. Additionally, “One day Fox and Coyote came home from hunting, she was gone” (Mourning Dove, 1), therefore Coyote travels with Fox to get his wife back. Coyote goes out of his own way to help Fox. Doing this indicates how he has been taught that no man is not to be left behind. Furthermore,
Spotted hyenas are the largest of three hyena species. Brown and striped hyenas are the other two. Spotted hyenas are famed scavengers and often dine on the leftovers of other predators. But these dangerous beasts are also skilled hunters that will take down wildebeest or antelope. They also kill and eat birds, lizards, snakes, and insects. Hyenas usually hunt at night, sometimes they set off in small groups of two or three and then a wildebeest is likely to be their intended prey. They test the herds the prey on by charging them and then slowing down to watch the fleeing animals closely, as if trying to detect any weakness among individuals. In the end, they appear to select one animal and begin to chase it doggedly, following closely after it, snapping
Spanish and English may both be widely spoken languages, however English is becoming more and more prevalent as a second language. For this project I interviewed an acquaintance who speaks Spanish as a first language and English as a second language. Spanish and English are similar in aspects such as grammar (in that they are both SVO—subject, verb, object—languages) and vocabulary (since both were influenced by Latin) (Shoebottom n.d.), however they are also quite different, especially in their phonology. These differences are what made learning it as a second language a little more difficult for this interviewee.
Language acquisition is perhaps one of the most debated issues of human development. Various theories and approaches have emerged over the years to study and analyse this developmental process. One factor contributing to the differing theories is the debate between nature v’s nurture. A question commonly asked is: Do humans a...
There are three main theories of child language acquisition; Cognitive Theory, Imitation and Positive Reinforcement, and Innateness of Certain Linguistic Features (Linguistics 201). All three theories offer a substantial amount of proof and experiments, but none of them have been proven entirely correct. The search for how children acquire their native language in such a short period of time has been studied for many centuries. In a changing world, it is difficult to pinpoint any definite specifics of language because of the diversity and modification throughout thousands of millions of years.
Wolter. B. (2001). Comparing the L1 and L2 Mental Lexicon. Studies in Second Language Acquisition. 23:41-69.
Language acquisition requires meaningful interaction in the target language with natural communication while children are acquiring the foreign language. Children usually concerned with message which they are conveying and understand not with the form of utterances. These utterances are initiated by the acquired systems and the fluency of language is based on what we have ‘picked up’ through active communication. Both formal knowledge and conscious learning of the second language learning may be alternate to the output of the system, sometimes before and sometimes after the