Philosophy is a fundamental study that encompasses the knowledge of nature, critical reasoning in science, as well as logics in everyday life. As philosophy is an essential part of the human civilization, there are a lot of ongoing debates within this discipline that philosophers and scientists are seeking for the answer. A famous paradox that has been existing for a long time and challenging the inductive method is the Ravens Problem, which is proposed by the logician Carl Gustav Hempel. The ravens argument seems to have valid premises and leads the reader through a reasonable logic to come to the conclusion. However, the bizarre conclusion that any non-black non-raven object confirms the hypothesis of “All ravens are black" does not make …show more content…
In fact, the whole argument of the hypothesis “All F’s are G” can be applied to any object in the universe, not just exclusively to ravens. For example, the hypothesis that “All zebra have stripes” can be explained by using the same logic in the raven case. Specifically, the hypothesis “All non-striped things are not zebra" is logically equivalent to “All zebra have stripes”, and both can be confirmed by an observation of a ginger cat. It is worth noticing that different hypotheses are incrementally confirmed by the same evidence. Thus, it might be possible to think that the conclusion is not too bizarre and the evidence supports the hypothesis in a different way rather than genetics. In fact, the observation of a ginger cat is not strong enough to prove that all ravens are black, but at least it stays true to the hypothesis. The second suggestion to solve this paradox is taking the order in which information is presented into consideration when elaborating an argument. The Nicod's criterion only mentions about the presence of required properties, and ignores the possibility of a thing is both F and G, but might not support the hypothesis that all Fs are G. If an object is said to be a raven, then whether it is black or non-black matters. On the other hand, if an object is said to be black first, it becomes less relevant to the hypothesis because not all black things are ravens. In this case, a black thing that is a raven is not a strong evidence as a raven that is black. Thus, the Nicod's criterion does not apply to all situations. The same logic can be applied to a non-black and non-raven thing. In the Raven Problem, the only evidence to refute the hypothesis is a non-black raven. If this object is said to be non-black, then it becomes important because whether it is a raven or not will determine the validity of the hypothesis. Thus, any non-black thing is worth to consider and if it is
In the article “Black Like I Thought I Was,” Erin Aubry Kaplan introduces us to fifty-one year old Wayne Joseph, a man whose entire life was uprooted when he unknowingly opened up the Pandora’s box that his family had managed to keep shut for decades. From his birth Wayne Joseph was, to the best of his knowledge, black. He was raised by his black parents in a black neighborhood, and was more importantly accepted as black by the surrounding black community. All of this reaffirmation of his race gave him little room to doubt that he was anything but black. As he grew, he was molded by his presumed heritage and internalized its culture and values. For over fifty years he had built his life on what he was told. It was not until he subjected himself to a DNA
Furthermore, not only is the approach to the introduction to the material critical to the students behavior toward school but also to the the way that they are treated by their teachers. In many cases, educators teach their students in a manner that they prisoners or soldiers, obeying all the laws and practices that are mandated by the educator or the personnel of the school. A prime example of this military approach in education can be seen with the Carlisle Industrial Indian School, a school whose main goal was to remove the Native Americans from their home and culture in order for them to be introduced to the American lifestyle. Emdin, author of For White Folks Who Teach in the Hood, uses this example of the Carlisle school in order to represent
Ethel Waters overcame a very tough childhood to become one of the most well known African American entertainers of her time. Her story, The Eye on the Sparrow, goes into great detail about her life and how she evolved from taking care of addicts to becoming the star of her own show. Ethel was born by her mother being raped at a young age. Her father, John Waters, was a pianist who played no role in Ethel’s life. She was raised in poverty and it was rare for her to live in the same place for over a year. Ethel never fit in with the rest of the crowd; she was a big girl, about five nine when she was a teenager, and was exposed to mature things early in her life. This is what helped shape Ethel to be the strong, independent woman she is.
The entire poem including the first stanza, as scanned here, is octametre with mostly trochaic feet and some iams. The use of a longer line enables the poem to be more of a narration of the evening's events. Also, it enables Poe to use internal rhymes as shown in bold. The internal rhyme occurs in the first and third lines of each stanza. As one reads the poem you begin to expect the next rhyme pushing you along. The external rhyme of the "or" sound in Lenore and nevermore at then end of each stanza imitates the haunting nature of the narrator's thoughts. The internal rhyme along with the same external rhyme repeated at the end of each stanza and other literary devices such as alliteration and assonance and give the poem a driving chant-like sound. The musicality of the rhyme also helps one to memorize the poem. This helps keep the poem in your head after you've finished reading it, lingering in your thoughts just as the narrator's thoughts are haunting him. The rhyme also helps to produce a humming beat in the readers mind driving him on steadily..
In Dashiell Hammet’s The Maltese Falcon, the "black bird" serves as a crucial link connecting Sam Spade and Brigid O’ Shaughnessy. The black bird functions as the structural bond of Spade and Brigid’s relationship because it represents their greed and desire for wealth. Hammet points out that the Brigid’s greed for the bird causes her to utilize detective Spade as a tool: "Help me, Mr. Spade. Help me because I need help so badly, and because if you don’t where will I find anyone who can, no matter how willing?" (Hammet 35). This quotation illustrates Brigid’s submissiveness and dependency on Mr. Spade to help her. But later she becomes the dominant figure when she utilizes her monetary wealth to her advantage: “She opened handbag with nervous fingers and put two hundred-dollar bills on Spade’s desk” (Hammett 9). Spade admits his greed when he says, he only “believed [Brigid’s] two hundred dollars” (Hammett 33) and not her story. The narrator illustrates how Spade views money as an adequate payment for his time. Spade and Brigid represent both the real black bird and the fake black bird because of their faulty façade, which cover up their true personalities.
The documentary, “Unforgivable Blackness” directed by Ken Burns casts light on the extraordinary life story of legendary boxer Jack Johnson. The documentary is about the barriers Jack Johnson had to overcome to satisfy his hunger for becoming the best and living “The American Dream.” Johnson had humble beginnings in Galveston, Texas and it was in those beginnings that glimpses of his bright future were slowly but surely beginning to show. Through out his life, he showed independence, relentlessness, ability to improvise, call attention to himself and get around rules meaning to tie him down. Jack Johnson was a self made man who had the drive to go forward and achieve what he wanted to achieve through hard work, patience and all the skills he was blessed with.
So, the hypothesis that “All non-black things are non-ravens” applies because it amounts to a hypothesis which also rules out one possibility: a non-black thing that is a raven. The hypotheses are equivalent to the same hypothesis of there being no non-black ravens (which verifies they must also therefore be equivalent to each other). Their equivalence only provides an incremental confirmation because E can only increase evidential support for H, but cannot provide absolute confirmation, and can only confirm H when E is a black
My favorite quote by Poe is “Deep into that darkness peering, long I stood there, wondering, fearing, doubting, dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream before.” As Poe once said Edgar Allan Poe poems based on the raven and the bells being dark and mysterious. The raven based off his love such as lonore as someone taps on his chamber door nothing appears, hoping it would be lenore or at least hear from her at the end of the story. Then as he asks the bird multiple questions he responds with “nevermore” (Hallqvist). Edgar was born on January 19, 1809 in boston (Seidel). Coming from a broken home as in mother died while he was just two years old and father deserted. Once he went into college he soon went into debt and was kicked out. After
When describing the sitcom all that comes to mind is hope and the sense of change that the show
Gillian Flynn and Edgar Allen Poe apply gothic literature of psychological issues and violence throughout their gothic literature in, Sharp Objects, The Black Cat, and The Raven to illustrate a dreary storyline.
The idea of losing a loved is a powerful emotion and one that virtually every person can relate to. It was with this concept in mind that Edgar Allan Poe crafted his classic narrative poem “The Raven.” For some, poetry acts as a means to express different ideals, either social, intellectual, or philosophical. For Edgar Allan Poe, poetry was at its best when it conveyed beauty through the expression of simple yet powerful emotion. In Poe’s mind, there was no purer manifestation of poetic beauty than the deep emotion felt from the loss of a beloved woman. Is with this in mind the Poe employs setting, tone, and symbolism to relate the powerful emotion of never-ending despair to connect with his audience in the classic poem “The Raven.”
Essay 1: WRITE A COHERENT ESSAY IN WHICH YOU ATTEMPT TO EXPLAIN THE USE OF BLACK ICONIC IMAGES (AND OTHER ETHNIC IMAGES) TO SELL PRODUCTS AS THE ECONOMY OF MASS CONSUMPTION EXPANDED IN THE LATE 19TH AND EARLY 20TH CENTURY. YOU ARE ENCOURAGED TO INCLUDE IMAGES IN YOUR PAPER! During the 19th and 20th century, America –mostly white collar, middle class Americans- saw a great increase in salaries and a huge rise in mass production which paved the way for the modern American consumerism which we know today. The advertising scene saw a dramatic boost during that period and tried to latch on to this growing pool of emerging consumers. Although only limited to print, advertising during this pivotal period showed panache and reflected American society and popular culture.
The Problem people have with philosophy is the lack of definite answers. This is not to say that philosophy has never produced any. Russell
“The Raven” is a poem from Edgar Allen Poe mourning the death of his lover Lenore. Poe’s writing style was gothic. Poe also experienced love, loss and madness which was reflected in his writing style throughout the whole book. The raven was symbolic in this story because it allowed Edgar to experience grief.
The first two stanzas of The Raven introduce you to the narrator, and his beloved maiden Lenore. You find him sitting on a “dreary” and dark evening with a book opened in front of him, though he is dozing more than reading. Suddenly, he hears knocking on his door, but only believes it to be a visitor nothing more. He remembers another night, like this one, where he had sought the solace of his library to forget his sorrows of his long lost beloved, and to wait for dawn. Meanwhile the tapping on his door continues.