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Diffusion in the plasma membrane
Consequentialist analysis
Diffusion in the plasma membrane
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Within activity one our group had made multiple hypotheses such as due to urea’s molecular weight, it would defuse through the 20 Molecular Weight Cut off (MWCO) membrane successfully, yet slowly. We also made the hypothesis that both albumin and glucose would successfully be able to diffuse through the 200 MWCO membrane. We assumed that this would be found to be true because of factors such as glucose being a monosaccharide, and albumin being a protein with approximately 607 amino acids.
After conducting our experiment, when looking at our data sheet we found that our hypothesis involving albumin being able to diffuse through the 200 MWCO was not proven. albumin was the one solute that was not able to pass through any of the membranes. This could have been due to albumin being the molecule with the largest molecular weight amongst the other molecules involved. This included sodium chloride, urea, and glucose. In spite of this, glucose was able to successfully pass through specific membranes. In spite of this, glucose is an example of a molecule that may require
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We found our hypothesis to be true when looking back on our recorded date. Within the data sheet we observed that the movements when the glucose transport rate was constantly increasing as we increased the carriers. An example of this would be when the carrier rate was increased to 700 carriers, and as a result the transport rate had successfully reached .0031 in a drastically shorter period of time. As opposed to previous trials we performed with fewer protein carriers such as 100, which led to a slower glucose transportation rate. Increasing both the glucose concentration as well as the number of membrane carriers are also two variables that had played key roles in increasing the rate of facilitated diffusion of glucose as
Data table 1 Well plate Contents Glucose concentration A 3 drops 5% sucrose + 3 drops distilled water Negative B 3 drops milk+3 drops distilled water Negative C 3 drops 5% sucrose +3 drops lactase Negative D 3 drops milk +3 drops lactase 15+ E 3 drops 20% glucose +3 drops distilled water 110 ++ Questions B. In this exercise, five reactions were performed. Of those reactions, two were negative controls and one was a positive control.
We then took 1ml of the 10% glucose solution again using the glucose rinsed pipette and added it to test tube 1, we then filled the H2O rinsed pipette with 9ml of H2O and added it to test tube one; making 10ml of 1% solution.
However not in sucrose, the RBCs were semi-permeable. RBCs diffuse in the water around five minutes, but in glycerol RBCs diffuse in fifteen minutes. Several factors are involved that affect the rate at which the RBCs diffuse, could have been because of the size, polarity, or the charge of the molecule. Urea is the carbonic acid found in urine, blood, and lymph; it is formed in the liver from amino acids and ammonia. It is important that urea is permeable because the amount of urea in the body is essential because it helps undergo waste product. Glycerol is combination of sugar and alcohol. This solution is an important component for storage of fats that are ingested into the body as food, this one good reason why glycerol is permeable. Sucrose however has low permeability which is why sucrose has a slow rate of diffusion and glycerol and urea on the other hand has fast rates of
One of the most primitive actions known is the consumption of lactose, (milk), from the mother after birth. Mammals have an innate predisposition towards this consumption, as it is their main source of energy. Most mammals lose the ability to digest lactose shortly after their birth. The ability to digest lactose is determined by the presence of an enzyme called lactase, which is found in the lining of the small intestine. An enzyme is a small molecule or group of molecules that act as a catalyst (catalyst being defined as a molecule that binds to the original reactant and lowers the amount of energy needed to break apart the original molecule to obtain energy) in breaking apart the lactose molecule. In mammals, the lactase enzyme is present
In life, it is critical to understand what substances can permeate the cell membrane. This is important because the substances that are able to permeate the cell membrane can be necessary for the cell to function. Likewise, it is important to have a semi-permeable membrane in the cell due to the fact that it can help guard against harmful items that want to enter the cell. In addition, it is critical to understand how water moves through the cell through osmosis because if solute concentration is unregulated, net osmosis can occur outside or inside the cell, causing issues such as plasmolysis and cytolysis. The plasma membrane of a cell can be modeled various ways, but dialysis tubing is especially helpful to model what substances will diffuse or be transported out of a cell membrane. The experiment seeks to expose what substances would be permeable to the cell membrane through the use of dialysis tubing, starch, glucose, salt, and various solute indicators. However, before analyzing which of the solutes (starch, glucose, and salt) is likely to pass through the membrane, it is critical to understand how the dialysis tubing compares to the cell membrane.
This graph shows that as enzyme concentration increases absorption also increases. In this case absorbance can be used to measure the enzyme’s activity, the higher the absorption the higher the activity. Since absorption increases as enzyme concentration increases, enzyme activity is promoted by increased enzyme concentrations. After a certain point enzyme activity would fail to increase as a result of increased enzyme concentration since there wouldn’t be enough substrate for all of the enzymes to react with.
This occurs when special carrier proteins carry solutes dissolved in the water across the membrane by using active transport. When the concentration gradient can not allow travel from one side of the membrane to the other fast enough for the cell’s nutritional needs, then facilitated diffusion is used. The transport protein is specialized for the solute it is carrying, just as enzymes are specialized for their substrate. The transport protein can be
In order to test this theory the researchers injected the GluRs into the blood stream of a normal
The purpose of this lab was to see firsthand the diffusion of a substance across a selectively permeable membrane. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration until both concentrations are equal, or as you could more professionally call it, equilibrium. This concept is one that we have been studying in depth currently in Biology class.
What is diabetes? Should I be worried about getting it? What food can diabetics eat? Can they live as long as non-diabetics? Those were some of the questions that swarmed in my head when two of my close relatives were diagnosed with diabetes. After my relatives had been diagnosed, my whole extended family changed in how we ate and looked at food. I became very aware of this disease and thought I knew a little bit of what it was, but still had a lot of questions. I now feel like I have the knowledge of exactly what diabetes is, how to deal with it, and most important, preventing it.
Blood glucose levels are the measurement of glucose in an individual’s blood. This is important because glucose is the body’s main source of fuel and the brains only source of fuel. Without energy from glucose the cells would die. Glucose homeostasis is primarily controlled in the liver, muscle, and fat where it stored as glycogen. The pancreas is also a significant organ that deals with glucose. The pancreas helps regulate blood glucose levels. Alpha-islet and beta-islet pancreatic cells measure blood glucose levels and they also regulate hormone release. Alpha cells produce glucagon and beta cells produce insulin. The body releases insulin in response to elevated blood glucose levels to allow the glucose inside of cells and
The mixture for that table’s flask was 15 mL Sucrose, 10 mL of RO water and 10 mL of Yeast, which the flask was then placed in an incubator at 37 degrees Celsius. In my hypothesis for comparison #4 the measurements would go up again with every 15 min. intervals because of the high tempeture and also be higher that then Controlled Table’s measurements. Hypothesis was right for the first part but was wrong for the second part of the comparison, the measurements did increase in the table’s personal flask but the measurements did not get higher than the Controlled Table’s measurements, see chart below. In conclusion, I feel that the substitution of glucose for sucrose made the enzymes work just as hard as the Controlled Table’s flask but just not as much because sucrose was too strong for the enzymes to
Dialysis depends on dispersion amid which the portability of solute particles between two fluid spaces is confined, for the most part as indicated by their size. (In infrequently utilized adaptations of dialysis, confinement of dissemination by means of
The protein that we used was albumin (egg white). The main objective was to model the activity of pepsin in the stomach by showing its actions on protein by simulating the effect with pepsin and egg whites. The experiment was carried out at a number of pH levels and temperatures to show that pepsin (and all other enzymes) have an optimal pH range and temperature in which they perform most effectively, in order to model the effect the changing pH has on the activity of the enzyme.
A knot was tied about one inch from the end of the dialysis tubes. Then, three graduated cylinders were filled with twenty millimeters of either distilled water, 0.5 M sucrose, or 1.0 M sucrose. Using a funnel, each solute was poured into the corresponding dialysis tube. To keep the solute from leaking, another knot was tied about one inch of the opposite end. As the knot was tied, two fingers were used to remove air bubbles from the bag. Subsequently, each bag was rinsed with distilled water to assure that there was no sucrose residue, and then dried off with a paper towel. After waiting for a scale to display zero grams, each bag was then coiled on top of the scale to identify the mass in grams. The initial mass was recorded. Three containers were gathered and filled approximately two-thirds full with distilled water. Then, the three dialysis tubes were immersed into the corresponding container to soak in the distilled water for twenty minutes. To find the mass of the bags after being soaked in water, the bags were dried with a paper towel, and then coiled on top of the scale once again. The final mass was recorded. Finally, the mass difference and the percent change in mass was calculated and