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Crime & Society
The impact of corruption on society
Effects of corruption globally
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Sources of Moral Obligation
1. Law-Based Moral Obligations
Good citizens have a moral and legal obligation to obey the laws, it is part of the assumed social contract of a civilized society. Most aspects of the moral obligations are to not endanger or harm others are supported in the criminal and civil laws that prohibited homicides, assaults, drunk driving, and other dangerous behavior. Similarly, the ethical duty to be honest is enforceable by laws forbidding forgery, fraud, defamation and hence forth. However, to be an ethical person we need to remember that many forms of dishonesty remain solely within the moral domain. If we fail to perform or live up to a legal duty, we can be criminally prosecuted or sued. If we fail to live up to a moral duty, the external sanction is blame and condemnation, and, if one has a well developed conscience, feelings of guilt and shame leading to remorse.
2. Agreement-Based Moral Obligations
The second source of moral obligation is agreement. Even if an agreement does not reach the level of an enforceable contract, there is a moral obligation to do the things we agree to do, especially if others are counting on
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Incidents of bribery, insider trading and money laundering represent significant concerns and they have resulted in strict law enforcement and the adoption ofethics programs in well over half of Western corporations. International public and private organizations now have an increased interest in ethical issues involving business, mainly in the field of corruption. The OECD and the International Chamber of Commerce are two exemplary organizations that have been combating extortion and bribery within the global marketplace. They are also indicative of the gradual agreement on some common, world-wide standards for global business
The prima facie duties that William David Ross has listed include duties of fidelity, reparation, gratitude, justice, beneficence, self-improvement, and non-maleficence. Duties of fidelity and reparation rest on previous acts that one has performed, and acting on these duties are acts such as promise-keeping (duties of fidelity) and making amends for previous wrongful acts (duties of reparation), while duties of gratitude rest on previous acts that others have performed. There is a duty associated with the distribution of pleasure or good regardless of its recipient, and this is termed as duties of justice. An additional duty rests on the mere fact that there are other beings in this world to whom we can be of assistance to: duties of beneficence. Duties of self-improvement claim that there are intrinsic moral reasons for one to improve oneself and finally, duties of non-maleficence states that there are intrinsic moral reasons to not harm others. Duties are placed on the list only when they have been judged to be basic moral reaso...
The cons to the argument for saying the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act is obsolete is discussed in the article With Wal-Mart Claims, Greater Attention on a Law by Charlie Savage. In this article Charlie Savage argues that the FCPA has always been a useful tool in stopping corruption but in recent years with companies becoming more globalized other countries gradually adopted similar laws, the United States has started to enforce it more strictly. The dollar amount of fines imposed by the Justice Department and the Securities and Exchange Commission has increased even more, including a record-setting $800 million paid by Siemens in 2008. Enforcement under the act has soared, from just two enforcement actions in 2004 to 48 in 2010. There are currently at least 100 open investigations, specialists estimate.
We as a society have acted upon our obligations in the past, such as during World War 2, yet the occasional dose of action is not what we are supposed to desire as humans. We can not say “I will help these people who are being abused today, yet these people yesterday are on their own.”. Moral obligation is not something so fickle as we wish to make it seem. Although the proposal I have left you with is tough to chew on, it is the right principle to act upon if we are to improve human life and live morally good lives.
Today, worldwide, there are several thousands of crimes being committed. Some don’t necessarily require a lethal weapon but are associated with various types of sophisticated fraud, this also known as a white-collar crime. These crimes involve a few different methods that take place within a business setting. While ethical business practices add money to the bottom line, unethical practices are ultimately leading to business failure and impacting the U.S. financially.
All three articles examined have created a distinct analysis by which we can examine the separation of law and ethics in our society. First, the article by Sheppard examines issues pertaining to the linkages between ethics, law and justice and how society goes about enshrining these laws in a manner that ensures continuity in the face of constant change. This article demonstrates a simple but effective illustration of how ethics, law and justice is developed. First, the individual creates the conduct by which they go about living their lif...
Should this dilemma arise, whether or not the promise is kept must depend upon the particular circumstances of the case. Choosing not to keep a promise in such a situation would be not a demonstration of the promiser's inability to keep his word, but a clear indication of his quite proper awareness that, in deciding what course to take, the promiser has quite properly concluded that the interest of others must be placed before his own. This situation is philosophically interesting in two immediately apparent ways: firstly, because of the questions which it raises concerning the ways in which a present or future obligation might be argued to exist in relation to a promise given in the past; secondly, because it is possible to imagine a society in which the concept of keeping promises does not exist, so that the notion of individuals ever placing the interests of others before their own would simply not arise.... ... middle of paper ... ..."
Bribery poses difficulties on moral grounds because it is incompatible with the principal of human equality and the fundamental right for individuals to be treated with equal respect and concern. For an institution to adhere to this principle, they must operate with fairness and impartiality: nobody should have access to influence that is not accessible to all. Bribery operates as part of a mechanism by which influence is only available ...
The development of a country depends generally on the work and values of its society. The image of a country can be severely damaged by certain actions and behavior of their citizens, like bribery. When a country is known as a corrupt nation, not only will the facade of the country be affected, but also the economy. Establishing measures to eradicate corruption are urgently necessary. Corruption has been around since the begging of time, but currently is more common in business, more specifically, international business. Although some organizations have been formed, and conventions have been signed in order to end it, corruption is still one of the mayor problems around the world. An ethical view might bring more insight to why bribery and corruption is not a moral act and why more severe measures should be taken into consideration.
Bribery is wrong, and it would be almost instinctive to point at the benefits of impartially functioning public servants and incorrupt corporations to our democratic society as justification. However, in this imperfect world where bribery is rife in varying degrees, is it possible to express this notion convincingly? Certainly 'because the UK Bribery Act says so' is far less persuasive to a council planning office in Shanghai than in London, and indeed in compliance with section 7 of the Bribery Act 2010 which relates to commercial offences, it is essential that this question is engaged with on a corporate scale and without assertion through dogma. Accordingly, this essay will argue that elements wrong with bribery are inclusive of both moral and economic considerations. Moreover, in conjunction with international mandates, advent of aggressive legislation such as that of the UK Bribery Act 2010 is representative of global efforts to eliminate bribery. Hence, it follows that bribery can never be considered a normal part of business because it is economically unsustainable in the long term.
Under this condition, moral and political obligations are dependent upon a contract or agreement among the people to form the society in which they live.
Morality can be based on consciousness and various perspectives but morals, regardless of distinct cultures, have a core fundamental of comprehending what is right and wrong. By this, we are held to an obligation to assist those in need. This means that we should feel obligated to do whatever it is within our might to aid situations that need assistance.
Obligations can be both moral and legal obligations. For example, a moral obligation would be to help someone when they’re in need of help. We do not legally have to help someone, but it is seen as moral to do so. Legal obligations are where an individual is bound by a contract or responsibility to perform a certain duty. For example, a parent would have a legal and also a moral obligation to look after their child.
Obligations are placed upon society by government and non-governmental entities which try to ensure social control. According to Suzanne Samuels in Law, Politics, and Society, (2006) social control is best described as a mechanism that sets “norms to guide individual and group behaviour” (p. 3). In order to limit chaos and crime among society entities place obligations on society to keep a form of social control through the use of formal norms. An example of a formal norm set by a governmental agency is driving on the right side of the road, and yielding to pedestrians. On the other hand, there are non-governmental entities that also place obligations on society for a shared goal of social
The existence of bribery and unethical behavior is rampant in the world market and may not change overnight. The question of bribery has been distilled in business literature as a question of ethics. In this situation at the airport with the customs officer, it is important to distinguish between business ethics and personal ethics. In a business ethics situation, the Foreign Corruption Practices Act would prohibit offering any bribe to the custom office – for example to free a shipment of goods that was lost in red tape (Pitman & Sanford, 2006). Most companies also have policies against bribery as well. In this situation, however the main issue at hand is that of personal ethics. When in a situation where your company is unknown and there is no business being conducted, normal business ethics and laws (including FCPA) do not apply only personal ethical standards.
The relationship between law and morality has been argued over by legal theorists for centuries. The debate is constantly be readdressed with new cases raising important moral and legal questions. This essay will explain the nature of law and morality and how they are linked.