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Personality agreeableness and conformity
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Conclusion Extraversion is the number and density of interpersonal interaction, the need for stimulus and the ability to get pleasure (Morris and Feldman 1996). This dimension contrast social, active, individual orientation of individual with silent, serious, shy and quiet person. This area can be measured by two qualities: the involvement of the interpersonal level and energy level. The assessment of the former, extent of the individual likes others accompany, while the latter reflects the rhythm and energy levels of the individual. Outgoing people like to contact with others, full of vitality, often feel positive emotions. They are enthusiastic, like sports, like exciting adventures. In a group, they are very talkative, confident, like …show more content…
People with high agreeableness are considerate, friendly, generous, helpful, and willing to other people even give up their own interests (Stewart & Barrick, 2000). People with high agreeableness are optimistic about human nature, believe in human goodness. People with low agreeableness are put their own interests in the interests of others. In essence, they don't care about other people's interests, so they also not willing to help others. Sometimes, they are very suspicious to others, suspect the motives of others. For some positions, high agreeableness is unnecessary, especially which need to be tough and objective judgment, such as scientists, critic and soldiers (Tjosvold, 1998). Agreeableness can be divided into six sub dimensions, trust, straightforwardness, altruism, compliance, modest and …show more content…
It compares reliable, stress with lazy, careless. At the same time reflect the extent of individual self control and the ability of delay the satisfy demand (Cattell, 1933). Impulse is not necessarily a bad thing, sometimes environmental requirements we can quick decisions. Impulsive individuals are often thought to be happy, interesting, very good playmate. But impulsive behavior often bring themselves into trouble, although can bring temporary satisfaction to the individual, it is easy to cause long-term adverse consequences, such as assault others, drug use, and so on. Impulsive individuals don't usually get great success. Prudent people usually can avoid trouble, and get more success. People usually think prudent people are smarter and more reliable, but the prudent people are likely to be a perfectionist or a workaholic. Extreme caution’s individual let a person feel drab, lack of angry (Brummett, 2006). Conscientiousness can be divided into six sub dimensions, competence, order, dutifulness, achievement striving, self-discipline and
Extraverts are people who are relatively sociable and outgoing while on the opposite end individuals who are introverts are people who would much rather enjoy the company of close friends and family. People who are high in agreeableness are more likely to be trustworthy. Those who are high in conscientiousness are goal-oriented. Individuals high in neuroticism
Some studies state that there is no correlation between personality traits and prosocial behaviour (Wilson, 2000) or prosocial related behaviour such as volunteering (Bekkers, 2006). However, researchers have shown that individual differences in the tendency to help, care and share are relatively stable over time and can be traced back to a common latent personality dimension (Ashton & Lee, 2001; Eisenberg, Carlo, Murphy, & Van Court, 1995; Graziano, 1994; Penner et al., 2005). Furthermore, a number of studies have shown that agreeableness can be seen as the major determinant of prosocial behaviour within the five-factor model (Graziano, Bruce, Sheese, & Tobin, 2007; Graziano & Eisenberg, 1997; Graziano & Tobin, 2002; Tobin, Graziano, Vanman, & Tassinary, 2000). For example, people, high in agreeableness are more willing to donate blood (Bekkers, 2006) and organs (Raichle, 2005), participate in Philanthropy (Ugwu & Okafor, 2016) and engage in voluntary work (Elshaug & Metzer, 2001). Beneath this association between the two factors, a study by Atkins, Hart and Donelly (2005) has examined the direction of influence between them. By assessing children’s personalities and comparing them to their involvement in volunteering in adolescence they found out that “personality trait led to volunteering rather than volunteering shaping personality type” (Atkins, Hart and Donelly, 2005, p. 157). Furthermore, scholars have noted that traits may be indirectly related to social behaviours. A number of possible mediating variables have been posited that might help account for the relations between traits and prosocial behaviours. A Study by Carlo, Okun, Knight and Guzman (2005) found that prosocial value motives are a strong mediator between agreeableness and extraversion and prosocial
Stelmack found that overall “differences in extraversion can be referred to discrete levels of central nervous system motor activity” (Stelmack, 1990). Because of the desire and need to be around people, extraverts require more stimulation while introverts do not need others to stimulate them, they find stimulation from within or from activities that do not require other people.
Extraverts have an energy that is outwards towards people and things (Changing Minds, 2002-2011). They get their motivation from others, need a lot of stimulation, and express their motions (Changing Minds, 2002-2011). Rather than thinking of changing the world they want to change it (Changing Minds, 2002-2011). They have an attitude that is often relaxed and confident and they are understandable and accessible (Changing Minds, 2002-2011). Before thinking they act and like to communicate openly (Changing Minds, 2002-2011). They show energy and enthusiasm (Changing Minds, 2002-2011). They are often seen as shallow and pushy by introverts (Changing Minds, 2002-2011). After reading the first scenario of Joh...
“ …my first concern must be with the two general types I have termed introverted and extraverted. But, in addition, I shall also try to give a certain characterization of those special types whose particularity is due to the fact that his most differentiated function plays the principal role in an individual's adaptation or orientation to life.” (Jung)
German psychologist Hans Eysenck’s Model of Nervous System Temperament links temperament traits, specifically introversion and extraversion to the Central Nervous System. Introverted people are typically quiet, reserved, and timid whereas extraverts are active, sociable, and outgoing (151). According to Eysenck, introverts have high levels of brain arousal, which is controlled by the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS). Therefore, introverts do not need to seek external arousal leading them to be more reserved. Contrastingly, he argues that extraverts have lower levels of brain arousal and therefore are more sensation seeking in order to make up for it. In this paper, I will aim to synthesize and summarize some of the research regarding introversion and extraversion and their link to the central nervous system and states of arousal. I will synthesize this information to support the idea that while introversion and extraversion are on some level linked to states of arousal, Eysenck’s arousal hypothesis is not alone sufficient to explain the biological differences between introverted and extraverted individuals and their behaviors as such.
My score on extraversion was 22, low again compared to the norm. For this trait, I agreed with my results at first, but after some thinking I realized although I am introverted, I do behave extravertly sometimes. In general, I prefer working alone, staying indoors, and I don’t like being around a lot of people. For example, when given a group project, I’d prefer working on my own. Yet most of the time, I end up being the group leader because I get along well with people and am usually optimistic. Basically, I prefer settings with less people, but I can mingle well with strangers at parties or functions. Most of my friends and myself included, would say I am extraverted because I make friends easily and am usually very happy and cheerful. But that is only partially true because I do behave differently depending on the situation and my role as a friend, student, employee, etc. Therefore, I don’t agree with my results overall. Considering I show both introversion and extroversion, I think my results should have been within average compared to the
One of the goals of personality psychology is to develop general understanding of each specific trait and the way they interact with each other to create such a variety of personalities. One of the traits that have attracted a considerable amount of attention is impulsivity. Impulsivity is viewed as acting in a spontaneous way, or not giving much thought to potential consequences of actions before they are carried out. Typically viewed in a negative light, Charles Carver and a few other personality psychologists do make an argument that there can be both positive and negative aspects of impulsivity.
There has yet to be any determining evidence defines the characteristics of extraversion. The experimenters in this particular experiment have hypothesized that the facets of extraversion are somehow linked by reward sensitivity. This hypothesis was also tested against a model in which they are linked by sociability. There has been much work on this topic in the past, beginning with the works of Jung and James in the early 20th century—to the work of Watson and Clark in 1997. And even after a century of study, they are still unable to truly define the characteristics of the extraversion dimension of personality. In the many attempts to define extraversion, Watson and Clark have defined six basic facets of the personality trait. These are: venturesome, affiliation, positive affectivity, energy, ascendance, and ambition. Researchers Depue and Collins, in 1999, also offered a more succinct depiction of the characteristics of extraversion, this only having three basic parts. The first being affiliation, the enjoyment and value of close interpersonal bonds, also being warm and affectionate. The second, agency, being socially dominant, enjoying leadership roles, being assertive and exhibitionistic, and having a sense of potency in accomplishing goals. The final facet being impuslivity, but this one has been argued upon whether it should be included at all in the characteristics of extraversion at all.
In terms of The Big Five Trait Theory, an individual with a high level of extraversion is thought to display dominant behaviour as well as good leadership skills. The individual focusses their psychic energy on things that are external...
Agreeableness: Agreeable individuals value getting along with others. They are generally considerate, kind, generous, trusting and trustworthy, helpful, and willing to compromise their interests with others (Komarraju, Karau, Schmeck, & Avdic, 2011). Agreeable executives are warm, and prefer cooperation over competition (McCrae & Costa, 1987) focus more on what employees think of them than on accomplishments, and avoid conflicts at all costs (Nadkarni & Herrmann, 2010). On the other hand, disagreeable executives promote a climate of competition and fear (Peterson et al., 2003). Moreover, disagreeable executives are skeptical others’ view and ignore strategic alternatives suggested by other managers and employees (Lant et al., 1992).
When discussing extraversion-introversion, there does not seem to be a plethora of similarities simply because the two are on opposite ends of the continuum (Peake, 2014, p. 8). Differences on the other hand are identified much easier between the two. One main difference is the way individuals perceive each trait. Extraversion is seen as a good quality and is often used as a positive trait. Although it is not entirely true, introversion is looked at as a negative trait for someone to possess in today’s’ society (Peake, 2014, p. 8). The best way to explain how these two traits differ would be the type of stimuli that motivates
Impulse control is an important tool that not every person possesses. Impulse control is exhibited when a person can successfully discipline themselves against behaviors that would provide only immediate gratification. Those who can conquer these tempting desires understand that immediate gratification is not comparable to delayed gratification which typically presents a larger reward if the person waits a longer period of time to obtain it. Impulse control can also greatly aid in problem solving techniques, consider an action along with its benefits and consequences before pursing, and control irresponsible behaviors.
Both proximity and directional models have one assumption in common, that is, candidates running for office can be arrayed on a dimension such as liberal to conservative. Keeping this simple dimension in mind, proximity model shows that voters prefer candidates closer to them on the dimension. On the other hand, under the directional model, voters prefer candidates on their side of the political spectrum. In other words, voter prefer those to the left of zero more than those to the right because voter is on the left. This has an important implication, that is, electoral success can only be achieved by leaving the center of the political space.
On the other hand, introverts are people who are concerned with and interested in their own mental life and often perceived as more reserved and less outspoken in groups. Unlike extroverts who are feeling energized when they are around a large group of people, introverts have energy drained from them through human interaction. Hence, it is essential for them to spend some alone time to “recharge”. Al...