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Psychological perspectives on criminal behaviour
Psychological conditions and criminal behavior
Psychological perspectives on criminal behaviour
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Impulse control is an important tool that not every person possesses. Impulse control is exhibited when a person can successfully discipline themselves against behaviors that would provide only immediate gratification. Those who can conquer these tempting desires understand that immediate gratification is not comparable to delayed gratification which typically presents a larger reward if the person waits a longer period of time to obtain it. Impulse control can also greatly aid in problem solving techniques, consider an action along with its benefits and consequences before pursing, and control irresponsible behaviors. Although this potential construct can be practiced throughout a person’s life, it is thought to be first developed when the …show more content…
According to the statistics found within the Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency for the District of Columbia website (2017), since 2010 there has been an approximate 3.4% increase of female offenders each year entering the prison systems. This has made the female offenders the most rapid growing correctional population to date (CSOSA, 2017). Female prisoners who were sentenced for a year or more in prison increased by 3% between the years 2012-2013, while in comparison with male prisoners who only increased 0.2% between those same years (CSOSA, …show more content…
A study produced by Terranova & Vandiver (2014) targeted the differences between female and male offenders and how their crimes differed from one another. This study attempted to view the most common crime for each of the two sexes along with if these offenders were more likely to offend alone or with another person or group. Crimes that have a female offender present were more likely to not only have at least one female victim, but was also found more likely to have multiple victims overall (Terranova & Vandiver, 2014). Researchers Terranova & Vandiver (2014) also made future victim predictions based on this study. It was hypothesized that as the gap between male and female offenders diminishes, consequently the number of female victims of violent crime will ultimately continue to rise (Terranova & Vandiver, 2014). Although female offenders were less likely to commit sexually violent crimes, they did more frequently homicide and arson if a history of victimization pertaining to the offender was present (De Vogel, Stam, Bouman, Ter Horst, & Lancel,
These women have been increasingly going to jail for longer periods of time for minor crimes, the most frequent crimes that are being convicted are mostly related to drug and alcohol related crimes as well as theft (Mental Health Coordinating Council, 2010). A survey conducted in New South Wales of female inmates had concluded that; 80% are current smokers, 78% have used an illicit drug(s), 67% were unemployed in the six months prior to incarceration, and 66% of these women had also been in a violent/abusive relationship (Mental Health Coordinating Council, 2010). It has been argued that the risk factors for offenders are derived from that of genetic theories of crime and that they are an adequate guide for correctional supervision and treatment-planning decisions for females, however others argue that this approach is highly flawed and does not take into account gender differences (Rettinger & Andrews 2010). This is an issue in the CJS and its importance cannot be undervalued, the assessment for the risk and need has implications for the assignment of female offenders to a correction option that is the least restrictive, the assignment to an appropriate intervention dosage, appropriate targeting of criminogenic needs, and an understanding of female offending (Rettinger & Andrews 2010). Due to the increasingly large number
Across the country the ratio of male inmates to women is huge. According to “Criminal Justice a brief introduction” by Frank Schmalleger It states that the ratio that for every 15 male inmates there is only one female. But that doesn’t mean that the number of female inmates aren’t rapidly increasing. Even though there are similarities within both men and women’s prisons they are still in ways different.
Classical and contemporary theory helps to explain gendered crime patterns. The feminist school of criminology argue criminology and criminal theory is very masculine, all studies into criminal behaviour, have been developed from male statistics and tested on males. Very little research is conducted into female criminality, this may be because women who commit crime are more likely to be seen as evil or mentally ill rather than criminal, this is because women are labe...
Women in Prison. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics Varnam, Steve. Our prisons are a crime (reforming the prison system). Editorial. Christianity Today 21 June 1993
Yourstone, J., Lindholm, T., Grann, M., & Fazel, S. (2009). Gender differences in diagnoses of mentally disordered offenders.The International Journal Of Forensic Mental Health, 8(3), 172-177.
In 2012, the total number of inmates incarcerated in the state and federal correctional system for was 1,571,013, of which 108,866 of those inmates were females. In the last two decades, until 2009, women were the fastest growing population within the state and federal correctional institutions. Since 2009, the number of inmates incarcerated in state and federal correctional facilities has slowly declined mainly due to public policy changes in both state and federal laws. California accounted for fifty one percent of the decrease in the overall population due to the Public Safety Realignment policy that mandated a decrease in the inmate population to alleviate overcrowding; this led to a 25.5 percent decrease in the female population in California alone. (Carson & Golinelli, 2013)
As it is in the case of the majority of violent crimes, (Davies and Rogers, 2006) perpetrators of violent crimes, and especially sexual assault related crimes exert additional force by threatening the victim or their families. Male victims also must contend with an additional sense of shame and embarrassment in being identified with a crime that has been typically portrayed in the media as happening to women. This places men at a disadvantage in the reporting process, because their safety and the safety of others is compromised further if the crime is not reported. (Messerschmitt, 2009)
Due to these mitigating factors, it appears treatment of female sex offenders is more lenient than male if their crimes are similar in nature. Research by Miccio-Fenseca (2012) indicates that in comparison to their male counterparts, “female sex offenders rarely use force or violence far less than often.rarely use threats of violence to silence victims.rarely use threats of violence to silence victims.sexually violent predatory female offender is an anomaly.sexual aggression against unknown men is rare” (slide 17-18).... ... middle of paper ... ...
Studies dating back to 1993 show that this has been true for over twenty years. More recent studies show that this disparity is still occurring today. We continue to see males incarcerated more often and for longer terms when compared to females. There are those who argue that gender disparity does not take into account legal characteristics such as criminal history and offense severity. However, studies have been conducted that do in fact take control for those factors. The same outcome is reached. Even with legal characteristics considered, female offenders are less likely to be incarcerated compared to male offenders. Theories have been developed as an attempt to explain why this disparity occurs. Some tend to favor the chivalry/paternalism thesis while others favor the focal concerns perspective. Either way, gender disparity is occurring with no legally relevant reason to explain it. The federal sentencing guidelines were developed in order to prevent disparity from occurring. However, we see that judges still tend to consider extralegal factors when sentencing. It is important that the criminal justice system follow the guidelines set in place so that all cases are sentenced in an equal and fair
Throughout history, certain crimes have been separated into different categories based on their prevalence. For every crime, the offense and charges are different. In addition, certain crimes tend to be committed more often by women than men, and vice versa. Crimes such as larceny, fraud, forgery, and prostitution (Chesney-Lind, 1986) tend to be committed more often by women; whereas, assault, murder, trafficking, etc tend to be committed by men.
A consistent feature of the statistics, not only in England and Wales but across Europe and America, is that far fewer women are convicted of crime than men – a fact which has changed little over the years. Female offenders also show a different pattern of offending being less involved in violent offences and proportionately more involved in theft. In general most now accept that girls and women do commit fewer offences than boys. GENDER AND PATTERNS OF CRIME Writing in 1977 Carol Smart stated: Our knowledge is still in its infancy. In comparison with the massive documentation on all aspects of male delinquency and criminality, the amount of work carried out on the area of women and crime is extremely limited.
Throughout history, certain crimes have been separated into different categories base on their prevalence. For every crime, the offense and charge is different. In addition, not every crime is committed by the same gender. Crimes such as larceny, fraud, forgery, and prostitution (Chesney-Lind, 1986) tend to be committed more often by women; whereas, assault, murder, trafficking, etc tend to be committed by men. When it comes to the stereotyping of women in the criminal justice system one could say that women present themselves as victims to reach a lesser sentence or that by presenting themselves as victims they will have a longer sentence that will protect them.
Since 1970, there has been an increasing and alarming rise 138 percent of violent crimes committed by women. Still, while the equivalent percentage compared to male violence is small 15 percent to 85 percent the fact that the numbers have elevated so drastically points to something changing in society.
Zavlek, Shelley, and Rebecca Maniglia. "Developing Correctional Facilities for Female Juvenile Offenders: Design and Programming Considerations." Corrections Today 69.4 (August 2007): 58-63. ProQuest Criminal Justice Periodicals Index. Web. 29 Mar. 2012.
Women are more likely to be victims of rape or sexual violence than men. Seventy-eight percent of victims of women and twenty-two percent are men. Women who are raped before the age of eighteen are twice as likely to be raped again as adults. Victims are at greater risk of rape or sexual assault while intoxicated. ("Sexual Violence: Fact Sh...