Question 2 (a)
According to Investopedia, agency theory explains the relationship between principals and agents in business. The theory is based on two elements, the principals and the agents of principals. Principals are parties such as shareholders and agents of principals are parties such as company executives. Agency theory is mainly about resolving the problems that could occur in agency relationships. There are two problems that agency theory points out; they are 1.) Problems occurred when the goals of both the principals and agents are in any kind of conflict, and the principal is unable to do verification on what the agents are doing due to the difficulties faced; and 2.) Problems arise when there are differences in points of views and opinions on risks. Both principals and agents possess different tolerance for risks, and both of them may take different kinds of actions. Since agency problems present themselves all the time, the CFA Institute has promoted code of ethics to reduce agency problems. The codes are such as standard V: Investment Analysis, Recommendations, and Actions. Candidates must acquire a reasonable and adequate basis supported by appropriate research and investigation for every investment analysis, recommendation and actions. On top of that, candidates must use reasonable and undisturbed judgment in identifying factors that are at the utmost importance to every investment analysis, recommendations and actions. Having high professionalism in this field is very important because if misrepresentation relating to investment analysis, recommendations or actions might cause severe damage towards the outcome of any decision making. This would reduce agency problems where all parties acquire the same and most ex...
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... characteristics. If an investment is accepted, it is important that the correct operating decisions are to be made. Care should be taking in order to provide operating management with guidelines about what decisions are optimal, if valuing option provides an operating rule as a byproduct of valuation procedure. 2) There are also hidden assumptions with using this approach. Large option value might cause a change in decisions, but cash flow assumptions may be covered, not allowing the management to form effective assumptions. 3) There’s consequence for R&D as well. Generally, a firm that spends large amount of money on R&D has a pessimistic NPV when cash flows evaluated. R&D should offer high hope since its variance is positively correlated with the value of the call option, and because the yields of R&D gives high returns since it is in a very volatile industry.
In book one of the metamorphoses, Ovid talks of artists, and how art can be used to create and transform. Metamorphoses means transformation or change, so in one word, Ovid’s title tells the reader what is to come. Ovid uses art in the Metamorphoses to prove a point. To show how strong the human spirit is, or to teach you to watch what you say, because you never know who is around. The story of Arachne displays a great example of watching what you say. Minerva hears Arachne saying that she is the greatest weaver, and Minerva sets out to prove her wrong. With Daedalus and Icarus, Daedalus uses his art to try and find an escape for him and his son. Showing just how strong he is and how much he cares for his son. For Pygmalion, his art shows the power of his love and how much he wants to find the proper woman for himself.
his own life how he wishes, even if it will damage health or lead to
Process philosophy is known as the idea that everything is changing. Over the years, process philosophy has changed the way humans exist and go about their day to day lives. In order to fully grasp the concept of process philosophy we will first take a closer look at process philosophy, as a whole, its history, and the ideas behind this particular philosophy. Then we will discuss the effects process philosophy has had on marriage and family, followed by a brief commentary.
Antisocial personality disorder is a personality disorder marked by a general pattern of disregard for a violation of other people’s rights. Explanations of antisocial personality disorder come from the psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and biological models. As with many other personality disorders, psychodynamic theorists propose that this disorder starts with an absence of parental love during infancy leading to a lack of basic trust. In this view, the children that develop this disorder respond to early inadequacies by becoming emotionally distant, and they bond with others through use of power and destructiveness. Behavioral theorists have suggested that antisocial symptoms may be learned through modeling, or imitation. As evidence, they point to the higher rate of antisocial personality disorder found among the parents of people with this disorder. Other behaviorists suggest that some parent’s unintentionally teach antisocial behavior by regularly awarding a child’s aggressive behavior. The cognitive view says that people with this disorder hold attitudes that trivialize the importance of other people’s needs. Cognitive theorists also believe that these people have a genuine difficulty recognizing a point of view other than their own. Finally studies show that biological factors may play an important role in developing antisocial disorder. Researchers have found that antisocial people, particularly those with high impulse and aggression, display lower serotonin activity and has been linked this same activity with other studies as well.
Hypothesis: “We hypothesize that the performance of individual members in such situations is likely to be highest when the members hold both individualist and collectivist orientations toward their work” (Hollenbeck, Humphrey, Meyer, Wagner, 2012, pg. 947).
The idea of Individualism can be traced all the way back to England before America’s existence. As we know, individualism has been interpreted in many forms throughout history. The 19th century is no different, taking hold of its own idea of individualism, called transcendentalism. Transcendentalism suggests freedom should not be confined to those focused on money and superficial gains. Instead, people should depend on no one but themselves. This movement focused on “greater individualism against conformity” (Corbett et al.). Heavily influenced by the Romantic period, transcendentalism adopted the belief that reason was more important than logic as Benjamin Franklin has believed. Reason must also include unique emotion and spirit (Corbett et
Human reason has not always been a presence in our daily lives. Doing the right thing, being ethical, and making educated decisions, one would think, are the ideal principles behind human nature. Sadly, only in more recent times has human reason shed its good grace on more modern societies. For many centuries, constant war and the reconstruction to nations, countries, and empires led to the rise and fall of many different leaders and in tow their governments. Within such societies, political spokesmen like Machiavelli, Locke, and Marx, interpret their ideas to the people, which still remain significant to this day. One of their main focuses was to raise awareness, on their ideas on trust and human reason. While Locke and Marx urge us to have faith in human reason, as a positive means to society, Machiavelli would claim the contrary. The concept of human nature and reason to both John Locke and Karl Marx juxtaposes that of Machiavelli’s, and their notions derive from their different eras, economies, environments, and strict governments, which ultimately shaped their ideologies on human nature.
Egoism is the philosophical concept of human self-interest and the relationship between ethics, altruism, and rationality (Robbins). Psychological egoism and ethical egoism are the two concepts or positions that explain how one is or ought to be motivated to obtain their self-interest. The difference between ethical and psychological egoism is that the former deals with how a person should act and the latter deals with a universal concept practiced by all. With the theory of psychological egoism, selfishness proves it to be false; thus, can true ethical egoism be possible?
Nelle Harper Lee has left her mark on today’s society by writing one of the most influential books, To Kill a Mockingbird. However, many have wondered what the purpose Harper Lee had in mind. There can be many reasons, the extent of racism in the 1930’s seems to be a perfect fit. Especially, for when this book was published, which was in the early 1960’s; during the time of the civil rights movement. Harper Lee, seems to show that she is trying to prove that black people aren't all that bad. She shows this through many characters like Calpurnia, Tom Robinson, and Mr. Dolphus Raymond.
Erik Erikson composed a theory of psychological development that was composed of eight stages. Erikson’s theory focuses on how personalities evolve throughout life as a result of the interaction between biologically based maturation and the demands of society. According to Erikson, “Each stage of human development presents its characteristic crises. Coping well with each crisis makes an individual better prepared to cope with the next.” (Zastrow & Kirst-Ashman, 2013, p. 314) According to Erikson’s eight stages of development, I have only been through six of the eight stages.
The second issue that I identified, relates to autonomy or self-determination. I struggled with labelling this fundamental concept in the social work discipline. My first blatant encounter with this issue occurred during the week of September 14th while I was attending a vigil. The patient was actively dying and requested that his spouse turn on the television. Initially she refused, she feared that it would agitate him and prevent him from resting. Since the patient was diagnosed with cancer rather than dementia, I felt that he was aware of what he was asking for and knew what he wanted. I directed by questions towards his spouse, because I did not want her to feel like I was trying to override her rules. I asked her if he normally watches
In this essay I will describe the four major theories of personality and identify the advantages and disadvantages of each. The first major theory of personality is psychodynamic which was created by Sigmund Freud. The second major theory of personality is trait or five-factor model which is the most scientifically supported model. The third major theory of personality is humanistic, and Carl Rogers was the best known humanistic theorist. Finally, the fourth major theory of personality is social cognitive which was developed by social learning theorists.
What is the value of a life? Is it how long you live, what you accomplish during your lifetime, or things you acquire? The ethics and moral reasoning behind this simple question does wealth equate to happiness? This has been asked many times and the debate from both sides has great points and emphasis, but I would like to talk about those who seem to be thrown on the back burner the needy. Now if you were to hear the word needy many different categories come to mind homeless, unemployed, sick, and the underprivileged. Each sector is different in terms of the needs and what is asked to help them: however they stand together in regards to some type of assistance to help them attain and maintain simple everyday tasks in their lives.
On chapter 4 on the textbook, the author explains, “culture provides a member of a society with a common bond, a sense that we see certain facets of society in similar ways. We are living together at all depends on the fact that members of a society share a certain amount of cultural knowledge (Ch4, 132). Individualism and collectivism contribute greatly to the dimension of culture. For example, how many members of the culture define themselves apart from their group memberships. In individualist cultures, people are expected to develop and display their individual personalities and to choose their own affiliations. In collectivist cultures, people are defined and act mostly as a member of a long-term group, such as the family, a religious group, an age cohort, a town, or a profession, among others. This dimension was found to move towards the individualist end of the spectrum with increasing
Because all individuals possess different sets of experiences and perspectives, their individual realities, or their interactions with and responses to their surroundings, differ accordingly. While the outside reality that exists independently from human interaction remains consistently unaffected by individuals’ perceptions, one’s individual reality can change and shift as a result of changes in perception that can be triggered by events, relationships, and interactions with others. Leslie Bell’s “Hard to Get: Twenty-Something Women and the Paradox of Sexual Freedom,” Oliver Sacks’s “The Mind’s Eye,” and Martha Stout’s “When I Woke Up Tuesday Morning, It Was Friday” collectively address this idea that the realization of individual realities