Measures from Add Health Below is a detailed description of the measures that were used from Add Health (all measures are summarized in Table 2).
Abortions & Births
The quality analyses used data on abortions and births from Wave 4 of Add Health. In Wave 4, participants filled out a table of pregnancies, and were asked: “How did this pregnancy end?” The following response options were given: 1) Pregnancy has not yet ended; 2) live birth; 3) single, stillbirth; 4) miscarriage; 5) multiple, involving both a live birth and another outcome; 6) multiple, no live birth; and 7) abortion. Participants were also asked to provide the year and month for each pregnancy outcome. Using responses to this question, a total number of abortions was compiled for each year in Wave 4.
The Poisson analyses use the pregnancy histories provided in Wave 4 as well. However, the analyses include women who reported no abortions in the modeling process. More
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Unlike other longitudinal surveys, Add Health asked for complete pregnancy histories in multiple waves of the survey (in Waves 3 and 4). Additionally, data from Wave 1 and 2 asked about prior pregnancies in 1994 and 1994-1996, respectively. In Wave 1 and Wave 2, participants were asked if they had even been pregnant. They were then asked for each pregnancy reported, “How did this pregnancy end?” The participants were given the following response choices in Wave 1: 1) It has not ended; you are still pregnant; 2) a live birth; 3) stillbirth or miscarriage; 4) an abortion. In Wave 2, the following response options were provided: 1) It has not ended; you are still pregnant; 2) a live birth; 3) stillbirth; 4) miscarriage; and 5) an abortion. Women were also asked to provide the month and year of each pregnancy outcome. These pregnancy histories were to trace reporting of abortions reported in Wave 4 and Wave
Abortion, like any other medical procedure, carries some risks. When one considers, however, that “the risk of death associated with childbirth is about 10 times as high as that associated with abortion” (“Know the Facts”), the threat of abortion suddenly does not seem as perilous. Additionally, contrary to popular misconception, abortion does not contribute to future infertility or development of breast cancer. It is therefore safer and more prudent to have an abortion than an unwanted pregnancy.
Karen Pazol, et at. are all specialists doctorates at Division of Reproductive Health. The Division of Reproductive Health at the Central Disease Control and Prevention has observed abortion, and gathered information and statistics for yearly reports since 1969. These intellectuals at the CDC looked on abortion between different ethnic groups, religion, and age, which concluded abortion has been declining year after year. Although abortion differs in race, religion, and even age, there are many repeated reasons why women decide to have an abortion. In 2004, Lawrence B. Finer, doctorate and Director of Domestic Research at Guttmacher Institute, surveyed one thousand two hundred nine abortion patients at eleven of the largest abortion providers and examined the reasons for terminating a pregnancy across subgroups. He concluded three out of every four women said the reason for an abortion was because a child would get in the way of education or professional goals. Seventy-three out of one hundred women said the reason for an abortion was because they were financially unstable, and nearly one out of every two said it was because they did not want to be a single parent, or because she was having problems with her spouse. One out of every three said they were not ready to have a child. Younger women sought abortion because they are just starting their life and they are not prepared to transit to motherhood,
Another thing to take into consideration is the physical health risks during and after an abortion. As Ring-Cassidy and Gentles(2003) said “Abortion is never with out risks”(p. 89), this tells us that you can never be sure your going to come out completely fine when you go in for an aborti...
Johnston, W. R. (2012, March 11). Abortion statistics and other data. Johnston's Archive. Retrieved February 18, 2012, from http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/policy/abortion/
The debate concerning abortion still exists and is causing a lot of controversy. One of the biggest is an issue concerning mother’s who are experiencing health compilations during p...
After Abortion. N.p., 23 Nov. 1999. Web. The Web. The Web. 15 Mar. 2012.
Health Care workers are constantly faced with legal and ethical issues every day during the course of their work. It is important that the health care workers have a clear understanding of these legal and ethical issues that they will face (1). In the case study analysed key legal and ethical issues arise during the initial decision-making of the incident, when the second ambulance crew arrived, throughout the treatment and during the transfer of patient to the hospital. The ethical issues in this case can be described as what the paramedic believes is the right thing to do for the patient and the legal issues control what the law describes that the paramedic should do in this situation (2, 3). It is therefore important that paramedics also
The method used to study the hypothesis was by having 328 women completed five surveys up to 72 hours postpartum. They were between the ages of 18-42. Out of the group 68.6% were married or living with a partner and 43.3% had a job. The average number of years the women spent in school was 8.8yrs. More than half (59.2%), did not complete high school and only 2% (6) completed higher education. From the group, 19.2% of them had a miscarriage before. More than half (51.5%) had already had a baby before, and 22.1% had a high risk pregnancy. These surveys included the peritraumatic dissociative experience questionnaire (PDEQ), the socio-demographic and obstetrical questionnaire, the pain numeric rating scale, the Trauma History Questionnaire, and the SCID-I for traumatic events. The female participants were recruited from two maternity facilities which were located in Recife, Brazil. Participation for this experiment was voluntary and the participants were informed that if they did not wish to take part in the experiment their future care would not be affected. Out of the women asked to participated 30 refused and 328 took part in the examination. The requirements for women to participate were: 18yrs or older, up to 72 hours postpartum, and the baby was alive at the time of the interview. Women who were under treatment for a psychiatric disorder were excluded. Between July 2010 and November 2010, data was collected.
Being a mother is a lifelong job that requires copious time, energy, and money. There are myriad different reasons in which a woman would consider getting an abortion. The decision is often tragic and painful for the mother. It is one of the biggest choices a woman will make. Many people have strong beliefs about abortion, and if a mother makes a decision that they do not agree with they sometimes turn against the mother, and enkindle egregious feelings about their decision for the rest of their life. Indeed a woman may not get an abortion for selfish reasons or out of convenience, but out of a desire to protect certain important values such as her own health or a decent standard of living for the other members of the family. Additional intentions for having abortion include rape, financial difficulties, obligation by family members, or danger to the baby’s health (Roleff
Every day, an overwhelming amount of human beings’ lives are terminated. The culprit: unwanted pregnancies. Many woman are (not by choice), becoming pregnant as a result of unsafe sex, rape, and other things. So what is one to do when they discover that they’re pregnant? They have some alternatives: (1) have the child and raise it (2) have the child, then give it up for adoption (3) get an abortion. Sadly, many women choose alternative three, unaware of what they’re getting themselves into.
“Almost half of all pregnancies among American women are unintended [and of those pregnancies about] 1.3 billion each year, are ended by abortion.” (Dudley). Most women that receive an abortion are clueless of the type of health risk that are associated with the abortion. According to the American Nurses Associated, “Patients have the moral and legal right to determine what [would] be done with their own person; to be given accurate, complete and understandable information in a manner that facilitates and informed judgement” (Barnes) Meaning, before given treatment the patient must be informed of some of the risks that are involved. They should be given all of the facts related to their situation in order to make an informed decision. Informing the patient of the risks associated with the procedure is done before every operation, or most operations. Women who have abortions are not informed of...
Lawlor, Jessica. (2002). Long Term Physiological and Psychological Effects of Abortion on Women. Retrieved March 21, 2001 from http://www.cirtl.org/syndrome.htm
Mayo Clinic is a hospital that is as well-known by many to be a haven of caring and concerned doctors whos’ sole focus is to give their patients the type of care they would want their families to receive if they were patients. According to Colquitt, LePine, and Wesson (Mayo Case Study, 2014), Mayo Clinic has established a customer service, patient first culture that puts the needs of those whom they serve ahead of other focuses, such as profit or patient quotas. This corporate culture has lead the hospital to become one of the most successful and iconic medical centers in the United States. Colquitt, LePine, and Wesson (Mayo Case Study, 2014) propose several very interesting questions at the end of the reading that they ask readers to ponder.
Many women that choose to have an abortion do not realize that it is a dangerous surgery with serious side effects. These side effects are both physical and psychological. Having an abortion is unnatural and interrupts this function of the human body. “The women’s body naturally resists the abortion, causing physical and emotional problems” (“Who does Abortion Affect?”). Almost all of the women who had abortions feel that they have made the wrong decision. The women are not informed about the side effects of abortion. Many women that had abortions said their doctors gave “little or no information about the potential health risks which might follow the surgery” (“Who does Abortion Affects?”). A Supreme Court decision in 1986 stated that women do not have to be informed about the health risks before the abortion (“Who does Abortion Affects?”). Unfortunately, these women learn about the adverse effects of abortion when it is too late.
Poster, E. (1984). Human Responses to Child Bearing. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 6(3), 99. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier database.