Actually, it is a trade-off. In fact, it is harder to prove something is true than prove something is not true. This is because if we want to test something is true, we have to review every possibility. Only if all of the evidence support the hypothesis, then we can believe a hypothesis is true. Nonetheless, we only need to find out a contrary evidence, then we can claim something is not true. Therefore, other than try hard to prove the hypothesis is true, we turn to test whether a null hypothesis is not true. If we can support that a null hypothesis is not true, then we can claim that there is no evidence to say the (alternative) hypothesis is not true. Even though we mistakenly accept the null hypothesis, there is no clue to judge whether
the (alternative) hypothesis is true or not. Hence, we can try next time. I agree with you that whether a hypothesis is necessary or not depends on what type of study we conduct. However, I disagree that the majority of researches are either exploratory or descriptive studies. Actually, there is a logic to design what type of study should be conducted. That is, if we know nothing about the area, we would start the adventure with an exploratory study. We may or may not conduct a descriptive or correlational study to better understand the natures (characteristics or attributes) of the objects observed in earlier exploratory study. And, yet a theory or a hypothetical conceptual model is the product of those type of studies. Unless we expect that we can find out a new element in this area, once there is a theory or a hypothetical model, we would repeatedly conduct explanatory studies to confirm whether the theory or the model is trustworthy.
Many of us hold onto our beliefs or myths even when we are presented with evidence proving our beliefs to be false. In the article, “When ears don’t hear, truth is futile” by Leonard Pitts Jr. he states, “When people are determined to believe a lie, there is nothing more futile than the truth.” (para. 16) Why is that? As human beings sometimes it is easier to hold onto our fabricated worldviews, this allows us to stay and rest in our comfortable bubbles. If we were to appropriately assess truthful information presented to us, we might experience cognitive turmoil, our biased truths becomes lies, and ultimately we now have information that would either force a lifestyle change or we “bury our head in the sand” so to speak. In the article Leonard
John and Megan are at a crowded theater. In the press of people exiting the theater, John accidentally steps on Megan's toe and breaks it. Megan can sue John for the tort of battery.
This paper is a critique of an article written by McKinney and Jones (1993) entitled: “Effects of a Children’s Book and a Traditional Textbook on Fifth-grade Students’ Achievement and Attitudes toward Social Studies”. In their research the authors examined the effects of a children’s book and a traditional social studies textbook on knowledge acquisition and attitudes toward social studies and the textbook in a sample of 57 fifth-graders. It is the intention of the present paper to develop analytical discussion and the holistic interpretation of the McKinney and Jones’s quantitative study (1993).
concrete evidence that compels the reader to believe the validity of both side of the
hat for a belief to be true knowledge, it must be supported by evidence. Evidentialism also claims
According to Robert Jervis, for an actor to determine how he will act, he has to predict how other will act and how their actions will affect their values. The actor will develop an image and the intentions of others (Jervis 1968). He believes that misperception can rule over the mind of an actor, while ignoring accurate information. He develops fourteen hypotheses, seven on misperception and seven about perception Yes, I agree with Jervis’s hypotheses. Misperception of an actor of others causes others to misperceive as well.
.... Whatever stance is taken there can be an equal amount of proof and methods to disprove the opposite. That is ultimately the sensible way to solve the dispute, by seeing them as having a symbiotic relationship. One flourishes off of the other, in a cyclic fashion.
Quantitative Research Article Critique This paper is an academic critique of an article written by Lautrette, et al. (2007) titled: “A Communication Strategy and Brochure for Relatives of Patients Dying in the ICU” and accurately reflected the content of the article and the research study itself. The abstract explains the article in more detail, while remaining concise.
Upon reading Will to Believe, there is no doubt we will all begin to question how we’ve gotten to our beliefs and why we believe what we do. William James argues against forced beliefs and expresses the importance of choice. The idea of choice is one I strongly agree with. Although we are easily influenced by others, when it comes to beliefs free will must come into play. As far as the science method, which I have discussed, a belief is just as valid whether there is evidence or not because most scientific methods will never be one hundred percent proven and they will change over
All thoughts need to be rethought at certain point of the time. In that case, skepticism is a great tool as it makes one to question and rethink about pre-existing information. However, too much skepticism may not always be helpful in acquisition of knowledge as well. The skeptics may have the tendency to not believe in anything and show behaviour that is similar to that of the pessimistic. There has to be a balance between having too much or too less skepticism.
... imperfection of evidence can only be minimized, but cannot be eliminate, this eventually will result in few controversies. As we find better ways of finding stronger knowledge, the frequency of the controversies will also decrease.
This meta-analysis has helped me view myself and feel like an expert in my field of study, understanding the difficult requirements of success. Also, it has increased my confidence in the course I am currently undertaking. When there are stipulated search strategies and methodically data-base searches there is a very low possibility of having errors, brought about by gaps which contain crucial parts of a piece of work. I also made many mistakes and this sometimes is necessary. Because I made so many mistakes, I had to learn a lot more and spend a lot more time analyzing studies, which gave me a better understanding of diabetes as well, getting a better idea of how medications become used in clinical practice.
Research is a necessary skill in the Psychology field because it is the key to observing, diagnosing, and treating clients with psychological problems. “Among the health care professions clinical psychology is one of few to provide extensive research training.” (Howes, 1996) Clinical Psychologist uses the scientific method as the procedure for research. Psychology is the only mental health discipline that has its roots in academic research rather than in practice. “Research is the foundation of all Clinical Psychology activities.” (Plante, 2005)
To consider a theory as truthful, it must be convincing which means the theory must stand the challenges that may occur such as persuading people for it being true, without any questioning about its value. Every individual will be convinced in a different type of way on different levels. For example, when one considers the large influence of media on our society today, some may think the news is as accurate as possible, and think every thing that is said must definitely be true. Only very basic descriptions and explanations may be required to convince someone that something is true or not. For others, detailed explanations with supporting facts may have to be provided, for them to believe what they hear, even if the theory is completely accurate. Another factor that is relevant is whether the individual is influenced by their subconscious tend or their intuition, this means whether they want to believe in the theory or not. Emotional bases and using reasoning are another two factors that may influence our beliefs. When looking at natural science, emotion does not play a large role, but rather reasoning because natural science is based on facts rather than individual interpretatio...
Research philosophy, refers to the development of knowledge adopted by the researchers in their research (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2009). In other words, it is the theory that used to direct the researcher for conducting the procedure of research design, research strategy, questionnaire design and sampling (Malhotra, 2009). It is very important to have a clear understanding of the research philosophy so that we could examine the assumptions about the way we view the world, which are contained in the research philosophy we choose, knowing that whether they are appropriate or not (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2009). According to Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill (2009), three major ways of thinking about research philosophy are examined: ontology, epistemology and axiology. Each of them carries significant differences which will have an impact on the way we consider the research procedures. Ontology, “is concerned with nature of reality”, while epistemology “concerns what constitutes acceptable knowledge in a field of study and axiology “studies judgements about value” (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2009, p110, p112, p116). This study is intent on creating some “facts” from objective evaluations which are made by the subjects. Therefore, epistemology will be chosen for this study as the way of thinking about the research philosophy.