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Rural Urban migration
Rural Urban migration
Implications of rapid urbanization for developing countries
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Recommended: Rural Urban migration
A Case Study of Urban Nairobi
A Case Study of
q A developing world city
q Urban growth in an economically developing country
q Housing problems and strategies in an economically developing
country
Why is there migration to Nairobi?
The Urban Pulls to the city
q Good employment prospects
q Tall beautiful buildings
q Good cheap communications
q Good public utilities-water, electricity, hospitals
q Smart clean people
q Centre of Kenya
q Recreational facilities
q Good shopping facilities
q Self-advancement
q Enjoyable social life.
The pushes from the countryside
q Drought
q Famine
q War
q Not enough government funding
q Not enough work
q Thinking that the city is better
Problems of living in Nairobi
q Housing problems
q Theft
q Thugs
q Car accidents
q Violence
q Sewage systems
q Unemployment
q Road problems
q No place to grow food
q Cholera and disease in the slums
Housing Problems
This is one of the major problems of living in Nairobi. There are so
many immigrants that the city cannot support them. Most of the people
cannot afford to buy/rent a conventional house, so they have resort to
living in shanty towns. The houses are made of cardboard, corrugated
iron and any other materials available.
Unemployment
Although the prospect of employment is one of the main reasons for
migration to Nairobi it is in fact not a reality. There is very little
employment for people coming from the country and the employment that
there is is such low pay that it is not possible to support yourself
or a family on it. The problem of unemployment leads to all the other
problems. Without employment the people have no money so they have to
live in shanty towns where the crime, facilities, violence and
cleanliness are all at a much worse standard than in the rich areas.
A lot of the book takes place in Nairobi, Kenya’s largest city. The city is described by Muchoki’s mom to be “a big black hole” (pg. 29). In actuality, Nairobi is just like any other noisy, fast and busy city. Muchoki describes it as “a never-ending river of cars and lorries, matatus, pushcarts and donkey carts” (pg. 191). Muchoki, coming from a smaller city,
Shantytowns are defined as urban slums “perched on hillside outskirts of most cities” (Sanabria, 2007, p.25) in Latin America. Common characteristics of shantytowns include run-down buildings, poor infrastructure, lack of space, high population, risk of disease, low education level, and a great lack of job opportunities (pp.24-6). These ghettos are home to the poor and socially-outcast, especially first and second generation migrants from rural areas (pp.24-5).
The lack of employment opportunities, war and conflict, migration, mental health, social exclusion, gentrification, and poverty are just but a few factors that drive one toward homelessness.
Mike Davis in his book Planet of Slums, discusses the Third World and the impact globalization and industrialization has on both urban and poverty stricken cities. The growth of urbanization has not only grown the middle class wealth, but has also created an urban poor who live side by side in the city of the wealthy. Planet of Slums reveals astonishing facts about the lives of people who live in poverty, and how globalization and the increase of wealth for the urban class only hurts those people and that the increase of slums every year may eventually lead to the downfall of the earth. “Since 1970 the larger share of world urban population growth has been absorbed by slum communities on the periphery of Third World cities” (Davis 37). Specifically,
the lack of means or opportunity the people living nearby are unable to leave and
In Kenya there are many problems occurring effecting people every day. These problems have progressively worsened over time. People are making a stand for human rights but is it necessarily enough to stop people from doing critical things to others. There are three specific human rights violations that should be recognized and handled in Kenya. We should care about Kenya because they have lost the right to own things, police brutality and torture is happening to innocent people. But three violations are not even close to cover all the human rights violations in Kenya. Kenya has progressively got worse about these violations over the years and something that would be great is for someone to make a major stand and stop all of the violations occurring.
Shanty towns, as Google defines them, are deprived areas on the outskirts of cities consisting of large numbers of crude dwellings. There is already a countless number of shantytowns around the world, but that number is growing. The main reason why families are moving into shantytowns is economic opportunities…“The driving force behind these migrations is the abundance of jobs in the cities” (Teghrarian, 1997). People, in hopes of pursuing a new career and making money for their family, often resort to these shantytowns for a temporary living space, but soon find out it’s too hard to leave (Painting with appositives). The families that populate shantytowns often work harder than the average citizen, but are forced to live in dirt and tents,
The health services are a devolved function in the current transition to county system. Kenya had an annual economic growth rate of about 2.2% in the 90’s with a further increase in GDP of 4.5% in the last decade (World Bank, 2010) which was disrupted by the political crisis in 2007. According to World Bank (2010) statistics, about 46.6% of Kenyans live below the national poverty level. It is one of the countries with highest levels of economic inequity in the society (World Bank, 2010). According to WHO (2013), Kenya is ranked position 147 0ut of 177 with a Human Development Index of 0.521.
The main source of income for Kenya comes from agriculture. Coffee and tea are the most valuable crops. Together they account for approximately 50 per cent of all forigien exchange earnings. Because of the rapidly growing population, Kenya now imports large quantities of food, praticularly wheat. Unemployment is high. Expecally in the urban areas.
In Africa, one important feature of the urbanization process is that a lot of the growth is taking place in the industrial increase. Urbanization also finds expression in external expansion of the built-up area and the changing of prime agricultural lands into residential and industrial uses (Saundry, 2008). An alternate to the present expansion of the urban population across a wide area of the country in order to save crucial land for agriculture is to construct high-rise buildings and support commercial development in specific zones, which would depend on efficiency, and the right technology and resources (Hanson, 2011). In Africa, the urbanization processes are largely driven by market forces and government policies. This will lead to methods at the same time of change in incomes, land use, health and natural resources management including water, soil and forests and often reactive changes in local governments (The Economist, 2010). So this is saying that government development policies and budget divisions, in which urban residents are often favorites over rural areas and will tend to pull more people into the urban areas. I...
On attaining independence in 1963, the inaugural Kenya government identified poverty illiteracy, disease and unemployment as the most debilitating of challenges facing the country. Almost five decades later, despite numerous policy efforts, these challenges continue to enslave many Kenyans. The situation is even more debilitating when one is a youth. According to the Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey , approximately 67 per cent of the unemployed in the country are youth.
Many constructors tend to want to build higher-class housing from which they can make good profits rather than construct essential housing for working class families. As a result, this becomes problematic in that housing will fall on the governments which already face great financial problem with the overall development of their countries. Nonetheless, many underdeveloped countries strains are imposed by the lower standards of health and hygiene and by the need to provide additional educational facilities for rapidly growing populations. Problems of providing social services such as water, sanitation, and sewage disposal are aggravated by poverty of migrants in the cities such as Lagos, Rio de Janeiro, Vienna, New York, Mumbai or Johannesburg,
Slums were a distinctive feature of European and US cities during the Industrial Revolution. The principal attraction of squatting is the possibility of incremental development and building improvement which leads to a phased spreading of the costs. The urban edge is the societal impact zone where the centrifugal forces of the city collide with the implosion of the countryside (Romaya and Rakodi, 2003). Today’s slums pose a problem of a different nature: because of multiple market and policy failures and unsanitary conditions, life in the slum might constitute a form of poverty trap for a majority of their residents (Marx et al, 2013). Poor human capital and poor avenues for human capital investment lead to a lack of social mobility across generations of slum residents.
Specifically, Bangalore and Mumbai, two of India’s largest cities, are faced with a crisis. The slums that people are living in are both inhumane and often dangerous. There is a lack of support whether it is access to clean drinking water or medical help, the inhabitants of these slums face perilous conditions. The route of the problems associated with slums lies in the infrastructure and lack thereof. Without proper public transportation, proper medical care, sanitary conditions, clean drinking water, the slums will not be able to evolve. The solution lies not only in the hands of the government but as well as with NGO’s and the private sector. It is only thru the combined efforts of these parties that a true, permanent, solution can be achieved.
Economic issues are one of the reason people emigrate from their native land to other Countries. Example is the high cost of living and low wages in some native Countries. Most people in their native land are deprived of having easy access to the most common things such as food, Electricity,