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Principles of classical conditioning
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Principles of classical conditioning
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Brave New World by Aldous Huxley, explores many ideas of radical behavioral conditioning which we do not see today in the forms he discusses. However, we do tend to see different types of conditioning on much lower social levels than described. An interesting idea explored by both the scientific and secular world is that both “Classical as well as Pavlovian conditioning styles both rely on the two key factors of the elapsed time between the beginning of the first and second stimulus, and the order in which the subject material is presented (“Classical Conditioning”). Through the examples of behavioral conditioning in A Brave New World, it is made known to us how conditioning of any form plays such vital role in the development,
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both socially and physically, of the people of today making itself present in people’s everyday lives through rather unexpected mediums both negatively and positively. Behavioral conditioning in its very basic form is solely restricted to scientific experimentation and trials. However, on more current, more prominent times, we have seen conditioning in many different forms leaving the average individual or social class vulnerable to conditioning on many levels. No one on the face of the earth, in a third world country or first world country, has not been affected by some sort of conditioning. For example: A person can be socially conditioned by any medium such as social media, political constructs, or social trends. Even a person from a third world country can be conditioned to believe governmental or regimented idea so that they would believe something a certain group is trying to push which otherwize be repulsive. Even though most conditioning is used for illicit or scientific purposes, conditioning on some scales can be beneficial to either the individual or the public.
Often times conditioning is used in a therapeutic way in order to change old habits into healthier habits. A superb example of this would be someone of negative habits being taught that said habit is immoral or socially unappealing which in turn would change the individual’s mindset to think of this habit as appalling thus rewiring his brain to stop the tendency. Likewise certain conditioning habits at a young age is extraordinarily beneficial teaching the child that unacceptable behaviors are both socially and morally unacceptable. This positive conditioning gives the child proper development skills necessary for everyday life to …show more content…
function. On the other hand negative conditioning is very prominent and a very dangerous when used on the mass public.
It is often used to conduct a widespread “brainwashing” process in which either the government or radical groups indoctrinate various groups of people to believe certain ideas and in certain aspects commit appauling acts they believe to be for the good of the people. Often times they teach their followers to commit horrid/ unnatural acts which are violent and often times widespread chaos making them believe this is the only way that society can function. If negative habits are instilled during childhood or even adolescents, the individual will develop with negligent and often violent behavioral issues. This style of life often leaves the child to end up unemployed or in prison setting up the child for failure for the rest of their life. With this type of development this leaves the child to live a life of poverty and criminal activity as this is the only form of placement they can find. They will often end up not identifying with the mass public of family and children and stick to the loose lifestyle often found in gangs and other criminal
constructs. Brave New World offers to the reader strong examples of behavioral conditioning further allowing the reader to evaluate the true determinants of neutral or negative conditioning of young minds. Conditioning of any kind is extremely dangerous leaving Huxley himself to say that "It isn't only art that's incompatible with happiness; it's also science. Science is dangerous; we have to keep it most carefully chained and muzzled" (Huxley 231). It has been the task of scientists for years to find different mediums of of medication or procedures to correct mental health issues which has, as Huxley has portrayed, thrown a dark light over the idea of conditioning. This is unfortunately true to some degree. During the year of 1920 a behavioral experiment come to be known as the “Little Albert” Experiment was conducted to observe how a child reacts to fear as the child has no concept of the world at this point. John Watson, father of behaviorism, chose one child, Albert, from an orphanage and exposed him to certain animals and objects which were all white in color. Upon being shown a white lab rat Albert was unafraid. Watson would then bang a pipe to make a loud scary noise every time the child touched the rat.By doing this Little Albert began to “generalize his fear response to anything fluffy or white (or both)” (“Top 10 Unethical Psychological Experiments.”). As this scientific experiment proves how one can be conditioned through simple association of sound and visualization, it ponders the question of whether or not a fully grown adult can be conditioned to partake in certain tendencies they did not as an adolescent. Every day the average individual faces countless choices and decisions that must be made in order to survive. People like routine and often become disgruntled or upset if this routine is interrupted or changed. This is one of the simplest forms of conditioning. For example, a smoker might have a usual schedule at work for when they will step outside for a smoke break allowing them to ingest the nicotine and continue on their day. Once the body has become addicted to the nicotine it begins to crave it making that break vital to the day. This is because the brain knows that is is time to have that flood of dopamine released into the body. Upon the individual not getting this flood of dopamine their “response to stimuli is more complex causing withdrawal” (Green). As the individual has now both broken routine and not gotten the desired brain response, they are now more likely to be stressed out, more irritable, and are prone to having mood swings. Continuing the example above, conditioning could also be used as a means to assist this smoker in quitting this bad habit. Although conditioning by association of fear this late in life is almost never used and rarely works, it could, in effect, combat the habit. In a situation such as this would best be dealt with a method named behavior shaping. Burrhus Frederic Skinner developed the theory of behavioral shaping which “can be used to produce extremely complex behaviour if rewards and punishments are delivered in such a way as to encourage move an organism closer and closer to the desired behaviour each time” (McLeod). This, unlike other means, is not a form of “conditioning” that has previously been discussed such as operant or classical conditioning; but rather it is a style of mental/behavioral reshaping in order to begin a behavior or rid an individual of an old one. As this method of “conditioning” does not involve violent or traumatic stimulus, it would be the prefered choice of physicians or individuals with knowledge of these practices. This is simply because it has a better effect on the older population who have already gone through life and developed behaviors of their own. Behavioral sciences, yes, have been proven to be successful in some situations, however, many of these experiments and procedures bring great misfortune to the patient. As previously stated above in the case of “Little Albert”, the child was left with permanent fear of all things white and fluffy. It could be argued that this was a valuable step in the right direction for the science of behaviorism but in truth, conditioning such as that and other radical means of conditioning in the world today are impractical and immoral to the patient. In society today conditioning is very present being in our pocket within the confines of our phones, on the billboards we see, and even the conversations we have with other people. It’s all around us influencing almost every decision we make. But conditioning in a scientific perspective for the purpose of habit change or other psychological disorders simply doesn't work at older ages. Medications have now come to the forefront of psychiatric care leaving these rather barbaric and inhumane ways of behavioral change in the past. Conditioning will be forever present in the lives of those around the world from all walks of life. It is inevitable. Knowing what the human race does from the experiments from a time some years ago people can better understand how to make better decisions for themselves and for those they hold dear to them. Behavioral Conditioning was never intended to be used in the way Huxley described it in creating a Utopian society but rather, it was discovered so that we can each individually create better lives for ourselves and our fellow man. Humanity must follow its own path and cannot be confined to the constructs of institutionalized society or the cruel minds of those who seek to destroy the world. Live for yourself. Live for today. Live to make a better tomorrow.
The tone during the whole plot of in Brave New World changes when advancing throughout the plot, but it often contains a dark and satiric aspect. Since the novel was originally planned to be written as a satire, the tone is ironic and sarcastic. Huxley's sarcastic tone is most noticeable in the conversations between characters. For instance, when the director was educating the students about the past history, he states that "most facts about the past do sound incredible (Huxley 45)." Through the exaggeration of words in the statement of the director, Huxley's sarcastic tone obviously is portrayed. As a result of this, the satirical tone puts the mood to be carefree.
In the following essay I will be looking into the study conducted by Watson and Rayner (1920) on a small child known as ‘Little Albert’. The experiment was an adaptation of earlier studies on classical conditioning of stimulus response, one most common by Ivan Pavlov, depicting the conditioning of stimulus response in dogs. Watson and Rayner aimed to teach Albert to become fearful of a placid white rat, via the use of stimulus associations, testing Pavlov’s earlier theory of classical conditioning.
There are drugs that do not require injections or ingesting, examples of those drugs are the Television and the Internet. In Huxley’s book, Brave New World, which takes place in what is supposed to be a utopian society, describes a certain substance that the main characters regularly used, Soma, throughout the story. The substance is "All the advantages of Christianity and alcohol; none of their defects"(Huxley 37), which puts away anger and creates the feeling of content. Television was mentioned in the book as “a thoroughly pleasant atmosphere” (135) and sometimes had scenes where a running Television was used as a condiment for Soma. Huxley believed the Television shared similar effects of Soma. If we look at our society today, he may have predicted the Television at its prime. How we see Soma in Brave New World is similar to our Television today because Soma is abundant, part of people’s lives, and provides the feelings of pleasure.
How does one achieve happiness? Money? Love? Being oneself? Brave New World consists of only 3 different ways to achieve happiness. Each character of the brave new world will have his or her different opinion of the right way to achieve happiness. In his novel Brave New World, Aldous Huxley explains many people achieve happiness through the World State’s motto – “community, identity, stability”, soma, and conditioning.
One of the other ways that psychological conditioning is misused is when the babies are shocked to be made to not like flowers and books. “They’ll grow up with what the psychologists ...
Habituation is an example of conditioning. Most behavioral modification relies on conditioning of one form or another, whether by pairing a desired result with a reward, or by discouraging an unwanted behavior by removing a reward (typically attention of one form or another). Reinforcement of conditioning is accomplished through consistent reaction to behavior either rewarding or discouraging behaviors that are desirable or undesirable. Desensitization takes this technique to its extreme by flooding the animal with the stimulus in increasing stages until it stops
In Brave New World, it is necessary for the characters to have sex with multiple partners as a way to satisfy their emotional needs, namely love, and this contentedness takes away reasons for starting a rebellion. Early in the text, the Director of the Hatchery in London leads a group of aspiring around the lab as he explains: “Family, monogamy, romance. Everywhere exclusiveness, a narrow channeling of impulse and energy. ‘But everyone belongs to everyone else,’ [Mustapha] concluded, citing the hypnopaedic proverb” (Huxley 40). In their society, there are no exclusive relationships. If one person likes another, they are able to take action immediately and do not have to wait for delayed gratification. By making everything inclusive, there is no build up of internal dissatisfaction and this keeps the citizens pleased with their lives. As Mustapha says to John in a later conversation about happiness in the society, “being contented has none of the glamour of a good fight against misfortune, none of the picturesque of a struggle with temptation, or a fatal overthrow by passion or doubt” (Huxley 221). There is no strong desire to obtain something, especially regarding emotional relationships, and thus no strong desire to change. Adding that to how the community offers many recreational activities to fulfill social and consumer needs, focus is distributed widely and the citizens become compliant with happiness because they have to reason to change their lifestyles. Later in the book, John enters Lenina’s life and his unconditioned ways throw her off. For the first time time, she could not sleep with someone as she wanted “and so intense was her exasperation that she drove her sharp nails into the skin of his wrist. ‘Instead of drivelli...
Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World illustrates a colorful, fantastic universe of sex and emotion, programming and fascism that has a powerful draw in a happy handicap. This reality pause button is called “Soma”. “Take a holiday from reality whenever you like, and come back without so much as a headache or a mythology.” ( Huxley 54 ).
In the novel The Brave New World, Aldous Huxley introduces a deranged world where humans are trapped, drugged, and obsessed with looks. The United World is presented as the ideal world; everyone knows their place in society, no one has any troubles, at the end of the day, everyone gets a dose of soma. However, throughout this ironic novel, the reader can see that, though portrayed as a flawless universe, Huxley has set it up to blatantly show its flaws. While showing how the real world, though more difficult to live in, is a better situation, Huxley also draws subtle parallels between the two worlds. Our abuse of drugs, both legal and not, are used to fade out the troubles we may be having, just as soma is used in the Brave New World. Additionally, our obsession with preserving a youthful complexion is an ever-present theme in the novel as well. The book also illustrates the lack of freedom people have to alter their own lives, which, in many ways, rings true in our society. Though our nation does differ in many ways from the United World, we exemplify similarities in more ways than just one, which juxtaposes our world with theirs.
Human beings have a tendency to avoid problems and suffering in their lives, searching for the “perfect world” in which every individual may constantly feel happy. However, is this “perfection” ascertainable by any individual or mankind as a whole? In Brave New World, Aldous Huxley offers his ideas and interpretations of a utopian society in which each person has the ability to always be happy. In Huxley’s vision, pain and suffering are completely avoidable through the use of a drug called soma. Soma functions as an opiate, allowing its consumers to escape all of life’s hardships almost instantaneously by entering into “another world.” People of the World State heavily depend on soma to live their daily lives each day without
Neil Postman contrasts Aldous Huxley’s vision to the future that is mentioned in the novel, Brave New World . Postman’s assertions consider Huxley’s vision is more relevant today. Egoism is relevant today, the ones we love will eventually ruin us, lies will build up, and technology is undoing our capacity to think for ourselves.
Classical conditioning refers to a type of learning in which a previously neutral stimuli took on the ability to stimulate a conditioned response in an individual (Gormezano & Moore, 1966). To prove that environment was more impactful than genetics, Watson conducted an experiment on an infant, little Albert. Initially, Albert showed little fear towards rats. When Watson repeatedly exposed Albert to the rat accompanied by a loud noise, the latter began to develop fear towards not just the rat but also other furry animals. Watson successfully showed that the acquisition of a phobia can be explained by classical conditioning (Watson & Watson, 1921). Regardless of their genes, the associations of the right stimuli can result in the development of a new behaviour in any individual.
A world without pain – seems almost too good to be true. One would be seen as mad if they would say they didn’t want it; but would they really be? Aldous Huxley writes his book, Brave New World, on a society where it seems a utopia but in reality is a dystopia. In a world without pain it would seem almost too perfect but when Huxley puts it on paper and shines a light on what a world it would be. Huxley demonstrates through his characters, style, motifs, symbols, and theme that for people to live in a world without pain and replaced by technology they would need to be genetically or chemically altered to be able to function in a society. John the savage is sympathized for trying to comprehend the world around him when he is unaltered and unconditioned for the brave new world. Huxley’s writing style and accents and tones throughout his novel give insight of how humans like people today would exist in a world where technology rules and people are moral-less; there would be no humans.
In Aldous Huxley’s novel “Brave New World” he touches on both external and internal forces of what is to believe to be a functioning utopia. According to John Stuart Mill utilitarianism is causing happiness through pleasure and absence of pain. Ultimately the concept of utilitarianism is considered to be a branch of ethics that tries to define the best course of action to take when a negative or positive action is confronted. Aldous Huxleys also provides a clear picture of events through Bernard Marx who is the primary character in “Brave New World” up until his visit with Lenina to the Reservation, after that point he fades into the background and John becomes the central protagonist. Throughout the novel John is faced with
I. Introduction of classical conditioning Classical conditioning also called as Pavlovian conditioning or respondent conditioning. It is a kind of learning a new behavior through association that when a conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) and evokes a conditioned response (CR). It also is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus (Cherry, 2014). Classical conditioning has much strength such as can help to explain all aspects of human behavior and many of advertisers will use classical conditioning to advertise their produces, however it also have some weaknesses such as all classical conditioning responses must involve a reflex and classical conditioning is a completely physical process, learning is not important as reflected in scenario. This paper will talk about the strengths and the weaknesses of classical conditioning theory followed by a brief description of the scenario and the strengths and weaknesses of applying classical conditioning on it.