ORGANIC COMPOUNDS REVIEW SHEET 1
1. What is the most important inorganic compound? List and describe three characteristics of it. Explain why it has these characteristics. There are many important inorganic compounds that exist, but of them is much more important than the others. That compound is water. Water is the most important inorganic compound, and has three dinstinctive traits. Those are adhesion, cohesion, and capillarity. Adhesion gives water the ability to stick to different surfaces. Cohesion allows water to stick to water. Finally, capillarity, which is a result of the other two, lets water climb up tiny tubes against gravity.
2. Define monomer and polymer. A monomer is one a building block for different molecules. A polymer,
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C6H12O6 is the molecular formula for what three compounds? How can they have the same formula yet be different substances? The formula C6H12O6 is the formula for glucose, fructose, and galacose. They can be different compounds, yet have the same molecular formula because each compound has their formula ordered a different way.
5. List three disaccharides, what they are made of, and their common names. There are three main disaccharides that from from the dehydration synthesis of two monosaccharides. They are sucrose, lactose, and maltose. Sucrose, or table sugar, is made from glucose and fructose. Lactose is made from glucose and galactose and is usually called dairy. Last, we have maltose, or malt sugar, which is formed by two molecules of glucose.
6. Differentiate between hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis. Dehydration synthesis is when enzymes take hydrogen and oxygen from two monosaccharides, making water, and causing the monosaccharides to stick together creating a disaccharide. Hydrolysis is when water is added to the disaccharide to make two monosaccharides again.
7. Name three polysaccharides, what they are made of, where they are found,
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Name and describe three types of lipids. Three types of lipids include triglycerides, waxes, and steroids. Triglycerides are composed of three fatty acids and one molecule of glycerol, or alcohol. Waxes are composed of a long fatty acid chain and an alcohol chain. Steroids are made of four carbon rings, and are found in asthma medications and venoms from many poisionous creatures.
13. What are the main elements found in proteins? Proteins are made up from the elements Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen, or C,H,O,N.
14. The elements form compounds that are the monomers of proteins.
These monomers are called amino acids and have an amine group NH2 and a carboxyl group COOH.
15. What type of bonding holds amino acids together in a polypeptide or protein? Amino acids have the same form of bonding as carbohydrates; dehydration synthesis. The bond actually formed is called a peptide bond.
16. Some proteins act as biological catylysts. They are called enzymes.
17. Enzymes lower the rate of reaction and are not used up in the reaction.
18. The proteins are the substances the enzyme affects. It binds at the region known as the active site. This forms the enzyme-substrate
n.d. - n.d. Peptides and Proteins. Proteins. Retrieved July 25, 2008, from http://www.cd http://www.cem.msu.edu/reusch/VirtualText/protein2.htm Ophardt, C. E. (2003).
When this substrate fits into the active site, it forms an enzyme-substrate complex. This means that an enzyme is specific. The bonds that hold enzymes together are quite weak and so are easily broken by conditions that are very different when compared with their optimum conditions. When these bonds are broken the enzyme, along with the active site, is deformed, thus deactivating the enzyme. This is known as a denatured enzyme.
Enzymes are biomolecules that catalyze or assist chemical reactions. ("Enzyme Information - Disabled World", n.d.,) Without enzymes it would be impossible for an organism to carry out chemical reactions. Enzymes are proteins that carry a chemical reaction for a specific substance or nutrient. For example, the digestive enzymes help food to be broken down so it can be absorbed. Enzymes can either initiate the reaction or speed it up. Substrates are the chemicals that are transformed by enzymes. (Gunsch & Foster, 2014) Reactants are the chemicals in the absence of enzymes. Metabolic pathways that occur in a cell are determined by a set of enzymes which are selective for their substrates and catalyze only a few reactions among the many possibilities.
Proteins are one of the main building blocks of the body. They are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body’s tissues and organs. Even smaller units create proteins; these are called amino acids. There are twenty different types of amino acids, and all twenty are configured in many different chains and sequences, producing differing protein structures and functions. An enzyme is a specialized protein that participates in chemical reactions where they serve as catalysts to speed up said reactions, or reduce the energy of activation, noted as Ea (Mader & Windelspecht).
Glucose, fructose, and galactose are examples of single or simple sugar molecules or monosaccharides. Maltose, sucrose, and lactose are examples of two sugar molecules linked, also known as disaccharides. Starch, glycogen, and cellulose are examples of many sugar molecules linked. They are also called polysaccharides. If you wanted to test if there were carbohydrates in something, you could do the sugar or the starch test.
All monosaccharides are reducing sugars because they all aldehydes. Different monosaccharides contain different number of carbon atoms. There are three types of monosaccharides, trioses, pentose and hexose. They generally contain three (trioses), five (pentoses) or six (hexoses) carbon atoms. Triose is used as a product in biochemical pathways of respiration and photosynthesis.
Proteins are the building blocks for your body. The proteins are broken down into amino acids. These amino acids are used to build and repair muscles, hair, blood cells, and some hormones. Proteins are also a good source of calories, which the body recognizes and uses to replace carbohydrates. Without proteins are body’s couldn't exist. Proteins can be found in the Protein Foods Group, which consists of meats, eggs, nuts, beans, etc..
Every chemical element or compound have specific properties that make them different than the other. However, these properties help us to understand every element or compound in which they can be used and how we can deal with them. These properties can be chemical properties which are defined as "that property must lead to a change in the substances ' chemical structure", such as heat of combustion and flammability ("Physical and Chemical…"). Also, these properties can be physical properties which are defined as the properties "that can be measured or observed without changing the chemical nature of the substance", such as mass, volume, boiling and freezing points ("Physical and Chemical…"). These two properties are related to each other. For
In every morsel of food are vitamins, minerals nutrients, and calories that allow our bodies to function properly. Examples of these macronutrients that need to be consumed include: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins and mineral. To begin, carbohydrates serve many functions in the body. There are many types of carbohydrates. There are simple carbs, complex carbs, refines unrefined carbs, starch and fiber. Everything that we ingest is broken down; simple carbohydrates are carbohydrates in the smallest form. Simple carbohydrates, or simple sugars, are commonly referred to as monosaccharaides (glucose, fructose, and galactose) or disaccharides, which are 2 simple carbs placed together. Cells use glucose to provide energy for cells through
Fermentation is an anaerobic process in which fuel molecules are broken down to create pyruvate and ATP molecules (Alberts, 1998). Both pyruvate and ATP are major energy sources used by the cell to do a variety of things. For example, ATP is used in cell division to divide the chromosomes (Alberts, 1998).
The following information will focus on the two substances forensic scientist use to identify and compare matter, whether a material is organic or inorganic. Evidence that will be used in a court trial will depend on the examination that forensic scientist processed in the laboratory. The importance of distinguishing between organic and inorganic material is a necessary step in the criminal justice process. The differences between organic and inorganic will be explained first, next will be to explain the strengths and weaknesses of each, and finally the significance of both as it relates to the justice system. Also, we will focus on soil as it relates to how specific evidence is used in each instance. Now let’s begin by listing the differences.
In total, there are around 20 amino acids that the human body uses to build proteins.
Carbohydrates are biomolecules that consist of a chain or ring of carbon atoms attached to hydrogen and oxygen atoms. The simplest formula for carbohydrates is (CH2O)n. Carbohydrates are important to organisms for a variety of reasons. They are used to form the structural components of the cell, aid in energy storage, and serve as intermediary compounds for more complex molecules. Carbohydrates are classified as either monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides. Both monosaccharides and disaccharides dissolve easily in water. Carbohydrates are produced in plants through the process of photosynthesis and animals obtain these carbohydrates by eating the plants. ("BIO 1510 Laboratory Manual," 2016)
The Functions of Proteins Introduction Protein accounts for about three-fourths of the dry matter in humans. tissues other than fat and bone. It is a major structural component of hair, skin, nails, connective tissues, and body organs. It is required for practically every essential function in the body. Proteins are made from the following elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen. and often sulphur and phosphorus.
Proteins are considered to be the most versatile macromolecules in a living system. This is because they serve crucial functions in all biological processes. Proteins are linear polymers, and they are made up of monomer units that are called amino acids. The sequence of the amino acids linked together is referred to as the primary structure. A protein will spontaneously fold up into a 3D shape caused by the hydrogen bonding of amino acids near each other. This 3D structure is determined by the sequence of the amino acids. The 3D structure is referred to as the secondary structure. There is also a tertiary structure, which is formed by the long-range interactions of the amino acids. Protein function is directly dependent on this 3D structure.