Discussion The testis is more vulnerable to any exposures than other tissues because it has highly sensitive cellular composition of the spermatogenic epithelium and the high rate of mitotic activity (Queiroz and Waissmann, 2006). Production of number of sperms formed per gram of tissue in human is few times less than other mammals in terms of the. So, any factor identified in laboratory studies as a reproductive hazard is also expected to exert detrimental effects on the human reproductive function (Cotran et al., 2005). Therefore, the present work was designed to investigate the ultrastructrul changes in the testis of wistar rat pups after administration of conventional phototherapy and to study the possibility of recovery of testis after …show more content…
Bilirubin absorbs light most strongly in the blue region of the spectrum (425–475 nm). The absorption of light by dermal and subcutaneous bilirubin induces various photochemical reactions, and the toxic, native, unconjugated bilirubin is converted to less toxic, water-soluble photoisomers, which are excreted in the bile and urine without requiring conjugation. Light can penetrate the skin and adjacent vascular beds (Jori et al., 1990; Rosenfeld et al., 1986) to a depth of 2 mm from the skin surface (Whitington et al., 1992; Kleigeman et al., 1996). The fact that premature babies have thin skin, as do neonatal rats, may lead to an increased effect of phototherapy on testes of newborn rats which are located within the abdomen during the first 3 weeks of life. Since the gonads of the newborn are immature and may be sensitive to light, gonads may be damaged due to …show more content…
Various data have shown that ROS were involved in the modulation of cell redox state, and redox regulation of protein functions is now accepted as an additional regulatory mechanism of normal cell physiology (Veal et al., 2007). However, excessive production of ROS may lead to oxidative stress, loss of cell function, and cell death by apoptosis or necrosis (Nose, 2000). Excess levels of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species can attack biological molecules such as DNA, protein and phospholipids which led to increase of lipid peroxidation and depletion of the antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, atalase and glutathione peroxidase) (Sies,1985). PT induced testicular toxicity in rats; this may be due to its oxidative stress. Recent research has revealed that phototherapy is a photodynamic stress. PT can induce oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, In the study carried out by Ali Aycicek and Ozcan Erel .they showed that vitamin C levels and uric acid, which are well known antioxidants, were significantly lower after phototherapy than before it; in contrast, TOS (total oxidant status), lipidhydroperoxide and OSI (oxidative stress index) levels were significantly higher after phototherapy than before
...ces in any of the blood variables measured nor in body weight or organ weight over the three different time periods. This finding led Anderson et. al. to conclude that chromium picolinate is not toxic at levels on a per kilogram basis even at several times the upper limit of estimated safe intake for humans (Anderson 273-9). On the other hand, a more recent study conducted by Speetjens et. al. in 1999 showed the chromium picolinate cleaves DNA. Chromium picolinate, if it is incorporated directly into a cell, is reduced by ascorbate and thiols into a hydroxyl radical that quite readily cleaves DNA – indicating that further research on the dangerous side effects of chromium picolinate are necessary to ensure its safe usage (Speetjens 483-7). Once again, it is evident that Stimulife 750 is not as harmless as it purports to be based on its ingredients.
Dr. Janis Eells presented a study that was accomplished by her and her students under the title “UNBLINDED BY THE LIGHT: Photobiomodulation for the Treatment of Retinal Degenerative Disease”. The purpose of this study is to determine whether photobiomodulation with near-infrared is able to treat retinal degeneration diseases. Thus, they hypothesis that the exposure of a rodent model of methanol toxicity to photobiomodulation (PBM) with near-infrared (NIR) could play a potential role in protecting the retina against the toxic actions of the methanol- derived formic acid. What is known about the topic is that if a small amount of methanol is injected it will rapidly cause permanent blindness. The methanol is metabolized to a mitochondrial toxin, and it is formic acid that can inhibit Cytochrome c Oxidase. This formic acid is able to interrupt mitochondrial function and increases oxidative stress in the retina and optic nerve which eventually leads to blindness. In order to fully test their hypothesis, the rats were randomly divided into four treatment groups: untreated control, LED-treated control, methanol-intoxicated, and LED-treated, methanol-intoxicated rats. they used electroretinogram as a sensitive indicator of retinal function, the experimental rats under methanol intoxication were exposed to three ...
In the case of a fatal disease like cancer, the treatment causes chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN). Oxidative stress mediated nerve damage also the mitochondrial dysfunctions are pivotal pathogenic mechanisms contributing to CIPN. [3]
...ith photodynamic therapy. Neoplastic tissues would take up compounds of photosensitizing agents, and the interaction of light with the photosensitizing agent eventually leads to the production of cytotoxic free radicles[secret]. The advantages of this treatment is that multiple lesions could be treated even though that could take more than one treatment. However, the downside to this treatment is that it is limited only to neoplasms that are at superficial level. Patients might also acquire side effects such as having photosensitization for around 4-6 weeks, or causing tissues to undergo necrosis which sloughs off after some time.[secret] The latter effect would induce pain in patients.
UV exposure to skin can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) that cause direct chemical alteration in collagen and increase matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) production leading to collagen break down. In addition, ROS produce mediators that cause skin inflammation. Vitamin C neutralizes ROS and is equally effective against UVA (320-400nm) and UVB (290-320 nm) that are produced due to UV exposure and causes skin-aging and sunburns respectively. Vitamin C is most effective as it exerts its action interacellularly and extracellularly (7).
High oxidative a stress is known to cause global cellular damage by creating reactive oxygen species (ROS) which causes damage to proteins, lipids and DNA (15, 82). Oxidative stress increases protein phosphorylation, causing changes to signaling pathways. For example, several phosphatases involved in cancer, apoptosis and aging are inactivated under conditions of high oxidative stress (26). ROS is a known contributor to several diseases including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, kidney disease, and T2DM (25, 27, 105). Known mediators of oxidative stress include transition metals and mitochondrial dysfunction (15, 27). In this project, I will be studying how cellular iron regulation causes an increase in oxidative stress, contributing to cellular damage and disease. Aconitase is an important mediator of oxidative stress, metabolism and iron regulation.
Oxidative stress is critical as it is extensively related to human diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, diabetes, cataract, aging and cancer (Zhao and Zha...
Oxidative stress results from an imbalance in oxidant production and antioxidant defense mechanisms; this means that either the overproduction of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) and / or a decreased antioxidant capacity leads to
The light source from phototherapy works by transforming bilirubin into water-soluble particles that can be eliminated in the urine ("Fundamentals of Phototherapy," 2007). If a neonate has risk factors such as gestational age under 38 weeks, previous jaundiced sibling, mother exclusively breastfeeding, or visible jaundice in the first 24 hours of life, further workup will be completed ("Hyperbilirubinemia (neonatal)," 2016). The effectiveness of phototherapy depends on the intensity of the light source used, time under the light, and the surface area of the neonate’s body exposed. Phototherapy is typically administered constantly, except for feedings and specific medical care or lab draws. Common policies for phototherapy include placing the infant in a radiant warmer set to a specific temperature, protective eye shields, measurement and documentation for changes in lights, and turning off the light prior to bilirubin lab draws. Duties as a nurse should include verifying provider’s orders, education on phototherapy to the family, light checks, labs, and patient temperature (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2012). Most hospitals have clinical pathways and guidelines that aid in timely interventions and prevention of further complications from hyperbilirubinemia. Some hospitals may have nurse-initiated neonatal jaundice management
Information on the effects of comes from studies of exposed, from animal experiments, and from studies at the cellular level. It is now well recognized that radiation has both timely and postponed effects. At very high radiation exposures, death will occur within several months or less. At moderate levels, radiation exposure increases the chance that a being will develop cancer, with a time delay of ten or more years. At low levels, the cancer risk decreases, but the bond between cancer risk and the scale of the exposure is hesitant.
Yamaguchi, M., & Kashiwakura, I. (2013). Role of reactive oxygen species in the radiation response of human hematopoietic stem/progeny cells. Retrieved from http://ehis.ebscohost.com.prx.library.gatech.edu/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=d059f432-9ed7-40bb-9870-1d5ff0f649c4@sessionmgr4004&vid=5&hid=116
...erm. It also causes hypersensitisation and a relocalisation of fluorescence within the tissue. It is thought that this relocalisation simply due to a change in affinity for the living and dead cells. With prolonged use of photosensitization, the morphology of the cells can change (Serebrovskaya et al., 2009).
The male reproductive system is a set of organs that works together to produce sperm which will later in life fertilize females eggs. The testes are the most important part of the system because it produces sperm cells. It is similar and looks similar to ovaries of a female’s reproductive system because it also holds what they need to reproduce. Its job is to produce the sperm cells needed to reproduce. Due to hormonal imbalances the production of sperm cells may not even be possible in some males. Testosterone is the male the hormone that gives men there manly characteristics. It is made up of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen with a white color. In the male body it helps develop sex organs, a deeper voice, and facial hair (Khalid, 2013). Cancer or a genetic disorder in males is the most common thing that cause the reductions of testosterone production in the body. Behind the testes is the epididymis which lets sperm go through the vas deferens from the testes (Dictionary, 2014). It looks like leach the way it is position right on the testes but it is thinner. When sperm is produces the ...
...r cell proliferation and survival via high NADPH production and low ROS level (DeNicola, G.M. et al., 2011; Son, J. et al., 2013; Maddocks, O.D. et al., 2013). Glutathione homeostasis may be regulated via NADPH and so either glutathione reduction or high oxidative stress could induce senescence or cell death to a cancer cell (Trachootham D., et al., 2009). Small molecules targeting glutathione antioxidant network such as glutathione itself and glutathione peroxidase e.g. parthenolide (Pei, S. et al., 2013) and ethylisocyanate (Trachootham D., et al., 2006) catalytic subunit of glutamate cysteine ligase and system XC-- e.g. sulfasalazine and Errastin glutathione S-transferase pi 1 and carbonyl reductase e.g. piperlongumine (Raj, L. et al., 2011) could be promising tool to combat cancer stem cell populations which are resistant to radiotherapy induced apoptosis.