History
Bruce Schneier was the first person to remark about attack trees which can be found in papers and articles in 1999. Some of the early papers which were open to public also shows the participation of NASA in evolution of attack trees. NASA called it Fault tree analysis. Now it has become one of the most reliable probabilistic assessment technique based on logic techniques and probability techniques. These techniques originated in 1960 in US missile facilities.
“In the year 1981 the US NRC issued the Fault tree handbook”. [3]
Attack Trees
Attack trees are visual representations of security loopholes. They are models representing of security loopholes. They are model representing the likelihood of dangers by using the branch model. From the branch model we can also estimate prevention from the threats. These attacks attack trees have wide applications in various fields. The IT & security advisors use these attack trees among other prevention techniques for finding loopholes in the model and correcting them.
All possible attack paths are devised from the model by the security analysts. The attack tree method are most commonly implemented in area of computer security but can be implemented in field of cyber security, but can be implemented in other fields too.
The main purpose of attack, like retrieving classified documents or robbing cash, is the basis of attack tree. Every node or branch of the attack tree is representing various methods for achieving that purpose, and these nodes are subdivided into more options for implementing these methods.
As we have a visual chart of possible loopholes in a structure it is possible to assign codes of various hardship levels to various objects on the representations. It also helps the e...
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...ich are difficult to make exactly.
Attack trees don't take into account the secondary aspects. Like in some cases it may be enough to snap an attacker instead of averting the intrusion.
“Attack trees must indeed be intrusion directed cyclic graphs”. [4]
It might be tough to split up an attack into separate steps.
Attack trees never take into account the fact that any person on the whole globe can begin a remote intrusion over Internet, but limited number of persons can really crack into the system physically.
Attack trees are certainly constructed to assess a targeted intrusion. Almost all the computer intrusions are not targeted.
Conclusion:
The attacks highlight the shortcomings in the system, trace them and correct the problem. Almost all major IT firms, defense systems and Cyber related organizations imply these methods in their security prevention mechanisms.
This essay answers two questions. Question one is to describe the methods and tools used in scanning and enumerating system and network targets and how one can use the results during the rest of the penetration test. The second question concerns what is the favorite tool that this student learned about in this class, how one uses it and an explanation of why and how it enhances one’s ability to conduct a penetration test.
Security is a wide concept, it is a separated subject with its own theories, "which focus on the process of attack and on preventing, detecting and recovering from attacks" (William 1996). Certainly, these processes should be well organized in coping with the complex system issues. A coherent approach should be taken, which builds on established security standards, procedu...
...at proposed a new Worm Interaction Model which is based upon and extending beyond the epidemic model focusing on random-scan worm interactions. It proposes a new set of metrics to quantify effectiveness of one worm terminating other worm and validate worm interaction model using simulations. This paper also provides the first work to characterize and investigate worm interactions of random-scan worms in multi-hop networks (Tanachaiwiwa and Helmy, 2007). For the best possible solution against cyber attack, researchers use Mathematical modeling as a tool to understand and identify the problems of cyber war (Chilachava and Kereselidze, 2009). Such kind of modeling is supposed to help in better understanding of the problem, but to allow such models to be practically workable, it is extremely important to provide a quantitative interface to the problem through the model.
Security helps the organization meet its business objectives or mission by protecting its physical and financial resources, reputation, legal position, employees, and other tangible and intangible assets through the selection and application of appropriate safeguards. Businesses should establish roles and responsibilities of all personnel and staff members. However, a Chief Information Officer should be appointed to direct an organization’s day to day management of information assets. Supporting roles are performed by the service providers and include systems operations, whose personnel design and operate the computer systems. Each team member must be held accountable in ensuring all of the rules and policies are being followed, as well as, understanding their roles, responsibilities and functions. Organizations information processing systems are vulnerable to many threats that can inflict various types of damage that can result in significant losses (Harris, 2014). Losses can come from actions from trusted employees that defraud the system, outside hackers, or from careless data entry. The major threat to information protection is error and omissions that data entry personnel, users, system operators and programmers make. To better protect business information resources, organizations should conduct a risk analysis to see what
In 1980, James Anderson’s paper, Computer Security Threat Monitoring and Surveillance, bore the notion of intrusion detection. Through government funding and serious corporate interest allowed for intrusion detection systems(IDS) to develope into their current state. So what exactly is IDS? An IDS is used to detect malicious network traffic and computer usage through attack signatures. The IDS watches for attacks not only from incoming internet traffic but also for attacks that originate in the system. When a potential attack is detected the IDS logs the information and sends an alert to the console. How the alert is detected and handled at is dependent on the type of IDS in place. Through this paper we will discuss the different types of IDS and how they detect and handle the alerts, the difference between a passive and a reactive system and some general IDS intrusion invasion techniques.
In today’s day and age, cyberattacks are becoming more prominent and effective in gaining intelligence, stealing private information and causing widespread personal and governmental concern. Many people have heard the term cyberattack before, but most do
The goal of durability assessment is to identify all of the possible threats that are valuable of being exploited. This identifies all of assets vulnerabilities that could be exploited. The vulnerability assessment results can be crucial in
Cyber attacks are becoming more and more popular lately as they are cheap, convenient and less risky than physical attacks. All it takes is a computer, internet connection, and time. These “Cybercrooks” are hard to find seeing as they can be anywhere in the world and the anonymity of the Internet makes them unreachable. Vulnerable components in IT Infrastructure are the software, hardware, and network. In order for any type of malware to work it needs to get through all these walls (Jang-Jaccard).
Throughout the world computer networks are becoming more popular as more and more technology is being implemented into organizations in order to help employees process their work, and communicate with one another. Along with the ever growing technology the more possibilities of data and information getting stolen or lost by hackers attempting to access the networks in an organization. There are many systems out there that will help detect and alert an organization of the attacks or prevent attacks from happening. Systems known as intrusion detection systems (IDSs) and intrusion preventative systems (IPSs) do exactly that for an organization and when they are combined are known as Intrusion detection and prevention systems (IDPSs).
There are number of different models proposed as framework for information security but one of the best model is McCumber model which was designed by John McCumber. In this model the elements to be studied are organized in a cube structure, in which each axis indicates a dissimilar viewpoint of some information security issue and there are three major modules in each axis. This model with 27 little cubes all organized together looks similar like a Rubik's cube. There are three axes in the cube they are: goals desired, Information states, and measures to be taken. At the intersection of three axes you can research on all angles of an information security problem.
A risk aware response mechanism [20] is used for mitigating the routing attacks in MANET. The extended Dempster-Shafer theory evidence model of notion with importance factors and dempster rule of combination is non-associative and weighted is used to combine the multiple data from the observational node. An adaptive decision making considers both attacks and countermeasures. The response mechanism has local routing table recovery and global routing recovery.
In fact, according to several studies, more than half of all network attacks are committed internally. To determine the best ways to protect against attacks, we should understand the many types of attacks that can be instigated and the damage that these attacks can cause to data. The most common types of attacks include Denial of Service (DoS), password, and root access attacks.... ... middle of paper ... ...
When you hear the word hacker, you probably think of a nerdy, teen-aged boy sitting behind a computer with sinister plans for his attack flowing through the keystrokes of his fingers. You probably think of a techno-criminal defacing websites, shutting down computer systems, stealing money or confidential information-basically a threat to society. But these descriptions may describe someone else enterely. Many in the computer community contend that this criminal description defines crackers. Hackers, on the other hand, are actually people who enjoy learning how computer systems work, and bettering themselves and the computer community with the information that they gain from their learning. So if there are non-criminal (hackers) and criminal hackers (crackers), is it fair to label both hackers and crackers as hackers?
The attacks which are currently unknown are called as Zero Day Exploits and it is not possible to plan them. So you cannot plan for all possible attacks. Such kinds of attack are unknown to the world. You get better chances of discovering vulnerabilities by trying more combinations. In ethical hacking, the more you test whole system instead of an individual unit you get better results.
The first thing that we must consider about Information Security is that there is not a final destination at which we can arrive. IT Security is an ongoing set of processes and activities that requires attention and expertise on a daily basis. It is important to understand that systems are not secured by themselves and it is our responsibility to maintain and improve them periodically as required. It is of vital importance to establish the appropriate mechanisms and requirements in order to support the company’s CIA triad. The following report will provide you guidance about auditing and hardening techniques applied though the 7 Domains by utilizing IT Security Best Practices.