Mathematical models and computer simulations are important tool to investigate spread and control of infectious diseases. These two jointly build and test theories that are involved with complex biological systems related disease, getting quantitative conjectures, determining parameter sensitivities due to change and estimating parameters from data. It is important to state that modeling is very crucial in epidemiology since in most cases we cannot do experiments. Modelling gives better idea in e-epidemiology when the system is simulated with various parameters because conducting experiments in e-epidemiology is critical.
Spread of virus or worms in computer network is very much similar with the spread of virus in biological systems. Remarkable research has been done in biological epidemic. Most of the models which are developed in computer epidemiology are taken from biological epidemic by changing few compartments or by adding various parameters. The basic models describe the number of individuals (or proportion of the population) that are susceptible, infected and recovered from a particular disease. The assumptions produce three standard sets of differential equations that give the foundations of almost all of mathematical epidemiology: the susceptible-infectious-recovered (SIR) model (Kermack, Mckendrick, 1927, 1932, 1933). Many biologically motivated modifications have been made to this basic framework also in computer epidemics. The basic model SIR (Susceptible-Infectious-Recovered) is given by Kermack and Mckendric. Based on the classical epidemic model of Kermack and Mckendric, several works have done in computer epidemiology. SIR model is extended to SEIR, SEIQR etc. Works of Mishra et. al. shows diversity in e-epidemic ...
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...at proposed a new Worm Interaction Model which is based upon and extending beyond the epidemic model focusing on random-scan worm interactions. It proposes a new set of metrics to quantify effectiveness of one worm terminating other worm and validate worm interaction model using simulations. This paper also provides the first work to characterize and investigate worm interactions of random-scan worms in multi-hop networks (Tanachaiwiwa and Helmy, 2007). For the best possible solution against cyber attack, researchers use Mathematical modeling as a tool to understand and identify the problems of cyber war (Chilachava and Kereselidze, 2009). Such kind of modeling is supposed to help in better understanding of the problem, but to allow such models to be practically workable, it is extremely important to provide a quantitative interface to the problem through the model.
This virus searches for a new vulnerable host in order to survive and carry the disease to the next victim. The critical aspect around the spread of a virus is how drastically the reproduction process occurs. Without being controlled, the contamination throughout any species causes the spread to take place in a toxic way, “On day one, there were two people. And then, four, and then, sixteen. In three months, it’s a billion.
The South contributed to the emergence of public health strategy in the United States by demonstrating the need for non-passive government presence in times of economic and social hardship. The South was able to have implement public health strategies during the Civil War, but their destitute state after the war proved difficult in maintaining successful public health strategies.
Smallpox is a disease from the variola virus. Smallpox has caused an estimated number of 300 million deaths in the 1900s alone. Smallpox is said to have been around since the ancient Egyptian times. The disease was eradicated in the late 20th century and two samples are still kept, one in U.S.A and one in Russia. Smallpox creates bumps and blisters all over the body and has been one of the most fatal epidemics the world has seen.
...sease will spread to become an outbreak as it has a higher likelihood of spreading throughout the population before it is recognized as a new disease and treatment has begun. Factors such as high population density, high speed air travel and antibiotic resistance aid the spread of the disease and contribute to it becoming an outbreak. Epidemiology and other safety measures aid in the protection of the population from outbreaks of disease and alter the susceptibility of the human race to outbreaks of disease.
Ebola, a major threat to today's society, is threatening all parts of today's culture. In this paper one will be presented with six major points of analyses. The first an outbreak timeline, the next three are a basic overview of the deadly virus. In the fifth, one will be presented with what things are being blamed for these violent outbreaks. And in the sixth and final point one will be shown what is being done to better the situation.
Instead of waiting for a condition to arise in the human body, people should practice preventive care to maintain ideal health and prevent illnesses from occurring in the first place. Preventive care includes such things as immunizations and vaccines, routine physicals, regular medical checkups and periodic colonoscopies.
Infectious diseases also called as communicable diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms (such as bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi), can be spread directly or indirectly from one person to another.
The movie Outbreak is a wonderful portrayal of how the Chain of Infection works in an epidemic and pandemic outbreak of a disease. The shows how quickly the disease gained power and was responsible for sickness and death in a small community. Pathogens that invade the body have 5 requirements for a successful invasion on their host whether it is a human or animal. I will further review how the movie successfully reflects the reservoir/host, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry and susceptible host to provide the perfect Outbreak of the disease. The same model still used today in science.
Superior labral anterior to posterior (SLAP) lesions are a type of biceps related pathology found in a wide range of populations. In a retrospective review of 2375 shoulder arthroscopies, Snyder, Banas, & Karzel (1995) found the incidence rate was only 6%. Recently, Level III evidence found 9.4% of people had a SLAP lesion out of 4,975 cases (Weber, Martin, Seiler, & Harrast, 2012). A descriptive epidemiology review of 25,574 SLAP lesions found the incidence rate went from 17.0 SLAP lesions for every 10,000 patients to 28.1 lesions per 10,000 people (Zhang et al, 2012).
Standing in the grocery store with my grandmother, I did not understand why people were staring at us. When a woman commented on my cuteness and asked if she was my nanny I realized, for the first time, that we did not look the same and because of that, people did not treat us the same. I was seven at the time, only slightly younger than my grandmother was when she left Mexico with her family. While I was not around to witness firsthand the difficulties and struggles my family faced immigrating to America, it was apparent to me, even from a young age, how things outside your control can impact so many aspects of your life. My decision to pursue a career in public health and epidemiology was an easy one; I simply had to look at my own family and their experiences.
The term “cyber terrorism” refers to the use of the Internet as a medium in which an attack can be launched such as hacking into electrical grids, security systems, and vital information networks. Over the past four decades, cyber terrorists have been using the Internet as an advanced communication tool in which to quickly spread and organize their members and resources. For instance, by using the instantaneous spread of information provided by the Internet, several terrorist’s groups have been able to quickly share information, coordinate attacks, spread propaganda, raise funds, and find new recruits for their cause. Instantaneous and unpredictable, the technological advantages these terrorists have obtained from using the Internet includes
The Black Plague (1348-1350) was the biggest tragedy Europe has ever faced because of the social and economic downfalls, which caused a huge loss of millions of people due to the terrible disease. The Black Plague was the largest epidemic that Europe has ever seen; it killed off fifty percent of their society all around. The economy was corrupt and it caused inflation. The Black Plague destroyed the social standings within society, and also the origin of why there were so many deaths in Europe.
In the 1960s, doctors in the United States predicted that infectious diseases were in decline. US surgeon Dr. William H. Stewart told the nation that it had already seen most of the frontiers in the field of contagious disease. Epidemiology seemed destined to become a scientific backwater (Karlen 1995, 3). Although people thought that this particular field was gradually dying, it wasn’t. A lot more of it was destined to come. By the late 1980s, it became clear that people’s initial belief of infectious diseases declining needed to be qualified, as a host of new diseases emerged to infect human beings (Smallman & Brown, 2011).With the current trends, the epidemics and pandemics we have faced have created a very chaotic and unreliable future for mankind. As of today, it has really been difficult to prevent global epidemics and pandemics. Although the cases may be different from one state to another, the challenges we all face are all interconnected in this globalized world.
The occurrence of infectious disease and epidemics has speckled the history of humanity since the first civilization established itself. Considering that a large population can help to foster infectious diseases, and humans share almost 300 communicable agents with animals, the outbreak of epidemics is inextricably intertwined with revol...
When people think of the term health most of the time people think of it in terms of the physical aspect. But, really the term health is made up from several different terms such as class, race, gender, education, and income which can all affect a person 's health in many different ways. A person 's health can be affected positively and negatively because of different social determinants.