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Ethics in our society
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The methods that available in the production of knowledge are limited by the ethical judgments, but the definition of whether the method is ethical or not depends on a couple different things. The first one is the personal judgments. Each person would have different judgments for the same method. However, one personal based judgment cannot be universal. The second one is the social judgment. It is related to the personal judgment. When a personal opinion for a method is agreed by most of people in the society, this opinion would become a social judgment. One example of ethical limits on natural science is the drug test. Human uses animals to test whether the new drugs are safe or not – which some people think is not ethical to do so. The judgments of the drug test are also divided into two opposite schools: the first school states that any animal test would be unethical; the other school thinks that competing to the benefits the animal tests have on human being, it is ethical. I personally agree with the second school. As I said, my personal judgment cannot represent a universal judgment, but let’s assume this theory is true. According to the statement “it is ethical because it has bigger benefits on human being”, what used to judge something is ethical or not is the value of benefit it produces. Logically, this means if one ethical issue can have profits that are way bigger than the ethical issue, this issue would be ethical. I know that it sounds ridiculous, but it is true if you think about it. Go back to the drug test example, when a new medicine which can save hundreds of human’s life comes out, who would care about the death of a couple laboratory rats? You may argue with me: “it is because the life of a couple laboratory... ... middle of paper ... ...ledge in both the arts and the natural sciences. However, they are limited differently in art and natural sciences area. In general, for natural science, the ethical judgments more depended on social judgment. Because of the product as the result of an ethical issue is measurable, as long as the product is way more valuable than the ethical issue, this issue would be ethical. In other words, if the product is not as valuable as the ethical issue, this issue would be unethical. However, in the art area, because of the product as the result of an ethical issue is hard to measure in terms, the ethical judgments are more depended on the personal judgments. Which the personal judgments are mainly depended on three different parts: the position of a person; the educational content of a person; and the emotional judgments. They are all related and none of them is absolute.
The practice of using animals for testing has been a controversial issue over the past thirty years. Animal testing is a morally debated practice. The question is whether animal testing is morally right or wrong. This paper will present both sides of this issue as well as my own opinion.
What do we mean by an ethical judgement? There is no clear answer to what these words imply but, from the earliest times, philosophers and religious figures have developed codes of conduct based on ethical principles. Some of these codes are said to come from religion while others relied on human reason to decide what is right or wrong. The codes however, contain more similarities than differences. Immanuel Kant, an 18th century philosopher, believed that our moral values come from our ability to reason and he called this the “categorical imperative” which means that, because our reason tells us that something should be done or avoided, we know what is ethically right or wrong 1. So why is there so often disagreement between what is ethical or unethical in science and the arts? One reason for these strong differences in opinion is becaus...
Core knowledge is a psychological theory that proposes the idea that children have innate cognitive abilities that are the product of evolutionary mechanisms, called nativism. The theoretical approach of constructivism also includes that children have domain-specific learning mechanisms that efficiently collect additional information for those specific domains. The core knowledge theory is primarily focused on whether our cognitive abilities, or capacities, are palpable early on in development, or if these capacities come up during a later developmental phase (Siegler 168).
Two noteworthy ethical theories endeavor to indicate and legitimize moral guidelines and rules: utilitarianism and deontological morals. Utilitarianism is an ethical hypothesis created and refined in the current world in the compositions of Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. There are a few assortments of utilitarianism. Fundamentally, a practical way to deal with profound quality infers that no ethical demonstration or tenet is inherently right or off-base. Or maybe, the rightness or misleading quality of a presentation or standard is exclusively a matter of the no ethical excellent delivered in the outcomes of doing that demonstration or taking after that run the show. In whole, as indicated by utilitarianism, ethical quality involves the
Utilitarianism is a consequentialist theory that suggests that the goodness of an action is dependent on its consequences. When we consider the two areas of knowledge from a utilitarian perspective, ethical judgements would be made based on hypothesis by weighing potential advantages against consequences. But are results alone a well-founded basis to raise ethical limitations from? This is problematic because in the sciences, it is often difficult to foresee the implications of scientific research; likewise, in the arts, it is seldom possible to anticipate what messages the audience will attain from a work. Furthermore, when unintended effects in either area arise, ethical considerations may often be re-evaluated. Adhering to utilitarianism, conflict exists between limiting knowledge production from the beginning or moving forward and risking repercussions. When viewed with reason, utilitarianism is a practical method of judging ethics because we are generally concerned with not only gaining knowledge but how it is a...
Animal testing is an intense contentious matter that has created a division among people; there are those who support and those who are against it. Animal testing, also identified as animal experimentation is when non-human animals are used in conducting experiments, especially in medicine. There are a number of unending debates on whether animal testing should continue or not, as some groups squabble that, it is an unethical process while others argue that it is ethical since it has large benefits on the health of humans. In addition, there is another group that advocates for the use of alternatives, instead of live animals. Although animal testing is considered as an inhumane and an unethical practice, it is crucial
Every year approximately 100 million animals are killed as a part of scientific research in the United States alone. Animal testing is a highly controversial practice in the modern world. There are records of animals being used in biological and medicinal research as far back as 384 BCE with the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle. Many people believe animal testing is unethical as it is bringing harm to animals in order to benefit humans. Ever since the beginning of this practice, animal testing has been used for a variety of purposes, all of which are inhumane and unethical.
Knowledge has always been a parameter through which human progress has been measured, Knowledge could be an aspect gained from a fact or a situation present. The production of knowledge relies on different ways of knowing, sense perception, emotion, reason and language. The production of knowledge differs from each human being leading to acquiring of personal knowledge and contributing to the shared knowledge. Society also plays a role in influencing the production of knowledge through various judgments that it passes on the manner in which knowledge is produced. Ethics is a set of principles which are morally right and are used to govern people’s actions and on the basis of that judgments are passed, rules made and norms are established. This leads us to the issue : to what extent does compromising ethical judgement lead to useful knowledge in natural science and arts.
It is hard to pinpoint the true definition of ethics. Although it could be defined, in simple terms, as what the society approves of right and wrong, defining ethics as simple as that is “unethical”. In fact, since centuries, several philosophers have disputed with the definition of ethics and several have come up with their own philosophical ideas of ethics. But, for the time-being, the definition of ethics can be expanded to “well-founded standards of right or wrong that prescribe what humans ought to do, usually in terms of rights, obligations, benefits to society, fairness, or specific virtues” (Velasquez et. al). Because the definition of ethics is so confusing and conflicting, at times, it arose to a branch of ethics that investigates
Ethics plays a very important role in one social system and basically on how the people will make their actions or decide on a particular thing on whether it is the right or the wrong thing. Ethical consideration is very important. It helps a person or a group of person understands whether the actions are right or wrong. Ethics is a very critical factor most especially when considering where the ethical standards are to applied. Aside from it, weighing results of actions or decision is also another major concern because of the fact that a person has critically analyze whose side is needed to satisfied. There are instances that moral obligations are also considered, in which moral is defined as a universal accepted personal human behavior that allows a person to decide whether an action or decision is good or bad.
Knowledge is something that can change day to day, which can be learned through both the natural and human sciences. Knowledge changes in the natural sciences when an experiment is conducted and more data has been gathered. Knowledge changes in human sciences when patterns are recognized in society and further tests have been conducted. Does our knowledge of things in the natural and human sciences change every day? I think that our knowledge grows everyday but does not necessarily change every day. The areas of knowledge that will be discussed in this essay are natural and human sciences. In History we can see that at one point something that was considered knowledge then transformed into different knowledge, especially in the natural sciences. However, in the past, due to lack of technology, it might have been more of a lack of knowledge that then turned into knowledge on the topic.
The way we justify ethical judgments will affect whether the judgment limit the methods in art and natural sciences or not. Different people will have different opinion about the ethical judgments thus how it restrain or increase methods in art and natural science varies.
middle of paper ... ... Although subject to change in different cultures, the societal norm of placing an ethical code helps us to set the “right” amount of boundaries in areas of knowledge, including the arts and the natural sciences. Like I said before, there are many complications to this as both scientists and artists are put in situations where they must face the fine line between having a scientific/artistic role or ethical role in creating opportunities for knowledge. Works Cited McKie, Robin.
Throughout the centuries, the great thinkers of mankind have sought to develop comprehensive theories of ethics. The proper study of ethics requires us to consider such questions as right and wrong, vice and virtue, obligation, and value. It is this sort of self-reflection on the part of mankind that separates us from the animal kingdom. Indeed, the importance of studying ethics cannot be understated, as the eminent philosopher Louis. P Pojman writes in his book Ethics Discovering Right and Wrong: A knowledge of ethical theory has enormous practical benefits.
A person making an ethical judgment uses reason to decide what is the best alternative to resolve one problem or to determine that one alternative is morally right and another alternative morally wrong. In short, ethical judgment is a process of considering several alternatives and choosing the most ethical one. In the natural sciences there are always ethical norms that limit how knowledge can be produced. In the natural sciences, experimentation is an important method of producing knowledge but ethical judgments can limit the use of this method.