The Evolving Impact of Religion on Europe

Religion commanded a central and varied role in European politics, society, culture, and thought, from the late 16th century to the Enlightenment.

In politics, the interest of nations was centered on religion. Monarchs aligned themselves based on religious belief and fought wars against those who worshiped differently. In Spain, King Phillip II waged war against the Islamic Ottoman Empire in an attempt to stop the spread of Islam in Western Europe and further spread Catholicism. Spain, the most powerful nation in Western Europe during the late 16th century also tried to interfere in French royal succession when Henry IV, a protestant, was to ascend to the throne. A fact that underscores the role of religion is that fighting between Spain and France continued even after Henry IV converted to Catholicism. Another example of relationships affected by the difference in religion is the strained relationships, which eventually lead to armed conflict, Spain had with England and the Netherland, two protestant nations. Elizabeth who ruled England, herself experienced discord with her Puritan subjects who felt that the differences between the Protestant Anglican Church and the Catholic Church were not distinct enough. This same fanaticism resulted in Elizabeth ordering the execution of Mary Queen of Scotts in order to extinguish Catholic hopes of rule, which her life and position in line to the throne gave Catholics in England. Religious tolerance was rare. During the late 16th century, the Netherlands were the only nation to have a policy of tolerance. The Dutch benefit from this tolerant policy as it attracts people of various religious backgrounds, creating fertile ground for commerce. During the scientif...

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...ses became cannon fodder for thinkers like the philosophes, men who saw no merit the dogmatic way religion was imposed on the people. Radical propositions by the philosophes during the enlightenment showed a desire for a different model of worship, and application of religion in society. Authors like Voltaire, who called religion “The Infamous Thing”, preferred that man be accountable for his actions.

As people continued to speak out against the abuses of power, the role of religion began to change yet again.

Although the extent of its influence varied through the years, religion continued to command a central role in European politics, society, culture, and thought, from the late 16th century to the Enlightenment. As illustrated by the examples above, it remained a powerful tool of leaders used it in various capacities and to varying degrees.