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Essays on oliver cromwell
Analysis of counter reformation
17th century political and social topics
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Europe after the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Counter Reformation The period immediately following the Protestant reformation and the Catholic counter reformation, was full of conflict and war. The entire continent of Europe and all of it's classes of society were affected by the destruction and flaring tempers of the period. In the Netherlands, the Protestants and the Catholics were at eachother’s throats. In France it was the Guise family versus the Bourbons. In Bohemia, the religious and political structures caused total havoc for over thirty years; and in England, the Presbyterians thought that the English Anglican Church too closely resembled the Roman Catholic Church. Religion was the major cause of the widespread turmoil that took place throughout Europe between 1560 and 1660. One example of a battle in Europe that was caused by religious conflict took place in the Netherlands, between the Dutch citizens and their ruler Phillip II of Spain. When he tried to gain control of the catholic church there, the Dutch rebelled. The Protestants began to assault the Catholics, destroy their churches, and revolt against Phillip and his strict Catholic codes in 1572. The conflict ended in 1579 with a twelve year truce, when seven of the seventeen provinces united under Calvinism and William of Orange, and formed the United Provinces. The remaining ten remained under the rule of Spain. Another example of religious turmoil was the thirty-six year civil war in France, where the Huguenots were increasing in number despite the power of their enemies, the Catholics. The French Catholics, led by the noble family, Guise, faced off with the leading family of the Huguenots, the Bourbons. "The feuds which separate... ... middle of paper ... ...h the freedom to choose religion), and the Presbyterians (who wanted a strict Calvinist system controlled by a strong central power). The Independents dominated the war with their New Model Army, and became an unstoppable force in England. They were led by the influential and militant Oliver Cromwell (whose nickname became "Lord Protector")of the House of Commons, and captured Charles, removed the House of Lords and the Presbyterians from Parliament, and executed the "holy anointed." Although politics did play a major role in the conflicts that occurred in the sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries; it was religion which was the major cause of the wars and devastation that occurred in this time period, and many times throughout history weather before or after the seventeenth century. Bibliography: The Western Experience;Chambers. pg505-535. 1997
The Protestant Reformation in Europe caused conflicts between the Catholics and Protestants, but ultimately ended up in unity. The first religious war was fought between the Schmalkaldic League and Charles V. That war ended up in the Peace of Augsburg, which let each German state choose their leader, and all of the people
There was a short time where all was calm right after the civil war. king charles the second and his father were both dead so Charles brother took over. this is king James the secondf and he was a Catholic sao he appointed many high positions in the government. Most of his sibjects were protestant and did not like the idea of Catholicism being the religion theyd have to abide by. like his father and brother king james the second ignored the peoples wishes and ruled without Parliament and relied on royal power. an English Protestant leader wanted to take the power away from james and give it to his daughter Mary and Her husband William from the Netherlands. William saled out to the south of england with his troops but sent them away soon after they landed
These two opposing religions had their differences be known be the other side and would fight for their ideas to be the ones all to follow. Conrad Russel states in his book The Causes of the English Civil War, that England “was a society with several religions, while still remaining a society with a code of values and a political system which were only designed to be workable with one”. Inside the Church of England was essentially two churches, Protestant and Catholic. Both sides were determined that their religion was going to be the one in the church and not the one outside looking in. Both sides wanted to control the authoritative powerhouse of England and would do anything to have the Church of England become the church of their religion. However, religious differences did not just occur between the citizens, it also occurred between King Charles I and Parliament. First off let’s look at King Charles himself. Charles was a very religious monarch who liked his worship to be High Anglican. He also believed the hierarchy of priests and bishops was very important, which alarmed Parliament because they believed that King Charles was leaning towards the idea of Catholicism in England. King Charles’ form of worship was seen by the Puritan faith as a form of popery. This upset them because they wanted a pure worship without icons or bishops. To clarify, popery is the doctrines, practices, and ceremonies associated with the pope or the papal system; Roman Catholicism. Charles also wanted to support William Laud who was the leader of the High Church Anglican Party because they had recently became prominent. Parliament strongly disagreed with the King’s decision because they feared that Laud would promote Roman Catholicism ideas and
As Sullivan states, countries were being torn apart because of imperfection (I thought that "That all men are created equal, and, that they are endowed by their Creator )(God). Additionally, there is the mention of the reformation, which was a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church, and that resulted in the creation of the Protestant churches (such as, Evangelist, Baptist, Lutherans, Methodist, Presbyterians etc.).... ... middle of paper ... ...
The religious wars of the 16th Century caused intense strife throughout Europe, economic hardships, personal and emotional questioning of belief. Through the pain of many rose rays of hope from artists and intellectuals to help guide them through their uncertainty (455).
Pg 9. [11] J.Morrill ‘The Church in England 1642-9’ in Reaching to the English Civil War 1642-1649. Pg 90 [12] M.Goldie. Pg 295 [13] Morrill. The impact of the English Civil War.
The Counter-Reformation also known as the Catholic Reformation took place in Italy during the 1500’s. The Counter-Reformation was an event that happen within the Roman Catholic which tried to abolish the mistreatment of regulations within the church. The Counter-Reformation was essentially the attempt to reform the Catholic Church ideals, so they wouldn’t lose anymore citizens to the Protestant religion at the time. The Counter-Reformation arose largely due to the effects of the Protestant Reformation. The Protestant Reformation took place in the 16th century where there was a religious, intellectual, political, and culture uproar that divided South Europe. The Protestant Reformation was were the citizens started to question the Catholic religion
...olic Church, propelled the Catholic Reformation and religious warfare. A separation of this magnitude brought conflict yet progressive improvements to both sides. Religious tolerance was at last emerging and never again would a single organization wield so much power.
In the seventeenth century, both England and France were going through religious and political turmoil. The religious problems were associated with the religions protestant and Calvinists coming out and fighting to be accepted. One of the political turmoils was that both countries were being changed how they were being run, the amount of money had, spent and what was accepted. One of the biggest problems for England and France was the thirty years’ war, which began with conflicts between Catholics and Protestants within the Holy Roman Empire, it involved most European states. The war ended with many central European lands in ruins and the balance of power shifted toward France, England, and the Dutch Republic. France for years had to raise
The Thirty Years war (1618-1648) was a devastating one to be fought on the German soil before World War II. The Reformation that was started a century before had shattered the unity of Catholic Christendom. The Protestant church was divided into Lutheranism and Calvinism due to Reformation. The governing class of German states stood for Lutheranism. Martin Luther was the founder of Lutheranism. His teachings freed them from the interference of foreign Pope Sweden and Denmark –that were the countries that followed Lutheranism. John Calvin was the founder of Calvinism. The countries which followed Calvinism are Germany, Bohemia, Poland, Hungary, and Austria. These two groups became a threat to Catholicism which led to Counter-Reformation. The Jesuits were most influential in Spain and Austria. The Thirty Years war took place in the name of God. But it’s only aim is to dominate, capture and suppress the opponent. There are also some other factors which led to the Thirty Years war. In 1618, the Habsburg dynasty was the major power in Europe. It ruled most part of Central Europe including Kings in Portugal and Spain. The elder most in the hierarchy of power is king and the youngest is in the House of Austria. Spain and France had political rivalry for past three centuries. The royal dynasty Bourbon belonged to France. The antagonism between Habsburg and Bourbon remained the most important
The protestant reformation of 16th century had both: immediate and long term effects. Thus, we can see that it was a revolution of understanding the essence of religion, and of what God is. The protestant reformation is said to a religious movement. However, it also influenced the economical, political and social life of people. The most global, short term effect of the reformation was the reevaluation of beliefs, and, as a result, the loss of authority of the Holy Roman Empire. The long term effects were: the emergence of new heretical movements, the declining of papacy, thus the reevaluation of people’s view on the church and life values.
A religious revolution called the Reformation happened in the Western church in the sixteenth century. Martin Luther and John Calvin were its leaders. The Reformation was the source for establishing Protestantism, which is one of the three major branches of Christianity. The Reformation started to become more political than religious. Martin Luther, Henry VII, and John Calvin were some of the reformers. These people decided to challenge the Catholic Church and the way it could explain the Christian religion. The arguments over the power that was distributed to the Bible and its readings lead to wars, and later, the Counter- Reformation. The Counter- Reformation was created when the Church was a little slow to respond to the reformers such as Luther. The council of Trent then met to discuss some of the problems that the Reformation caused and Luther’s ideas along with the other reformers. The era of the Catholic Church that was with the Counter- Reformation grew to be more educated and spiritual. The effects of these two Reformations came with lasting political changes. The freedoms that were given religiously and politically lead to many rebellions and persecutions in
The Protestant Reformation of the sixteenth century is one of the most complex movements in European history since the fall of the Roman Empire. The Reformation truly ends the Middle Ages and begins a new era in the history of Western Civilization. The Reformation ended the religious unity of Europe and ushered in 150 years of religious warfare. By the time the conflicts had ended, the political and social geography in the west had fundamentally changed. The Reformation would have been revolutionary enough of itself, but it coincided in time with the opening of the Western Hemisphere to the Europeans and the development of firearms as effective field weapons. It coincided, too, with the spread of Renaissance ideals from Italy and the first stirrings of the Scientific Revolution. Taken together, these developments transformed Europe.
“Why did the Protestant Reformation lead to the Wars of Religion?” you ask? Because the catholic monarchs felt it was necessary to try and maintain only one religion in their countries in order to unify their forces. This stood a huge problem for the Ottoman Empire, because Germany as their major holding was in itself a collection of trivial kingdoms, each with his own king, seven of which were really electors, the Emperor needed their vote to continue ruling. So when the Protestant Revolution came, the people saw it as a way to gain independence from the Ottomans’ rule, something that they had wanted for years. Now, not only did the townspeople see it as way to achieve their independence from their own religion hungry empire, but they
During the age of religious wars from 1517 to 1648, Europe struggled regularly between Catholicism and Protestantism. Though conflicts occurred separately and centered upon regions such as France, Spain, the Netherlands, and Bohemia, the wars eventually spread across most of the entire continent. As the forces continued to clash, however, struggles between Catholicism and Protestantism such as the French wars of religion and the Thirty Years’ War died down and new generations of leaders stepped up to the throne. Despite originally taking place as a fiercely passionate religious conflict, the natural continuity of Europe brought that zealous attitude to an end; by 1648, people sought harmony, and the two religions coexisted together.