Background and History Spironolactone is a light cream colored stable powder that has a faint odor (6). Spironolactone was created by G.D. Searle and is currently the only product that directly treats hyperaldosteronism, the excess production of aldosterone in the body (9). Spironolactone is in the aldosterone-receptor blockers medication category. Spironolactone is a diuretic mostly used to treat hypertension and edemas (8). The discovery that led to the development of spironolactone was aldosterone being found to be the third hormone in the adrenal cortex (6). Aldosterone is created in the zona glomerulosa that is a region of the adrenal cortex. The information know aldosterone led to research into the creation of compounds and medications …show more content…
The compound that is formed is 17alpha-propiolic acid which is reduced to the lactone. Then the solution is oxidized and treated with thioacetic acid and chloranil that finally create spironolactone, also known as 17-hydroxy-7α-mercapto-3-oxo-17α-pregn-4-ene-21-carboxylic acid γ-lactone acetate (6). Spironolactone has a melting point of 198 degrees Celsius to 207 degrees Celsius. It is insoluble in water, but soluble in benzene, ethyl acetate, and alcohol. The solubility of Spironolactone increases with increasing polarity of the solvent. The IR spectrum of spironolactone shows a conjugate carbonyl group and a lactone carbonyl present in the structure …show more content…
It can also be used for patients who need long term treatment for hyperaldosteronism and decline surgery. Spironolactone can also be used to treat congestive heart failure that are caused from edemas and can treat essential hypertension with other medications if it is appropriate for the patient (5). Spironolactone was also found to be the most effective treatment for resistant hypertension to add on to current therapy (1). Spironolactone has some minor uses in women treating hirsutism resulting from polycystic ovarian syndrome and treat acne occurring during puberty (8). The average dose for adults is twenty-five milligrams four times a day in tablet form and the usual pediatric dose is 3.3 milligrams per kilogram given throughout the day (8). Spironolactone is not commonly used during pregnancy because of the diuretic usage it can be unsafe for the mother and fetus
Ace Inhibitors are used to treat hypertension and congestive heart failure (CHF). Most of the drugs that are Ace Inhibitors have the common ending –pril. It inhibits an enzyme; that decreases the tension of blood vessels and the blood volume, thus lowering blood pressure. Lotensin (benzapril) comes in tablets and is used for oral administration. It is one of the ace inhibitors that are indicated for treating hypertension. There is warning while using Lotensin when pregnant, it indicates to stop using immediately when pregnancy is detected. Vasotec (enalpril) comes in tablets and injection. It is indicated for the treatment of hypertension and is effective alone or in combination with other Ace Inhibitors agents, especially thiazide-type diuretics. There is a warning for fetal toxicity; when pregnancy is detected; stop using.
Results: Through a melting point reading, it was determined that the product obtained was 2,4-Dibromoanisol mp 55-58 C. The products obtained by my partners, were determined to be: (p-bromoacetanilide mp 160-165 C) and (2,4,6 tribromoaniline, mp of 108-110 C) respectively.
Ropivacaine is homologous to Bupivacaine . If local anaesthetics are administered into the vein or artery it results to very high systemic levels possibly causing CNS and CV toxicity due to rapid penetration into these regions. Both bupivacaine and ropivacaine are amide linked esters. They are extensively bound in the plasma. Amides extensively bind to the alpha-1 acid glycoprotein (AAG) with ~94% ropivacaine bound to it; it has a higher affinity even though albumin binds to greater amount due to its relative abundance in the human plasma. AAG concentration increases after operative surgery. Ropivacaine is metabolised by the cytochrome P450 isoenzymes CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 to four metabolites, 3-OH-2’6’-pipecoloxylidide, 4-OH-ropivacaine, 3-OH-ropivacaine, and N-dealkylated PPX. Reduced protein binding means that there is higher fraction of the unbound drug circulating in the plasma. Furthermore, amides are hepatically metabolised by amidases. Amidase metabolism is much slower than plasma hydrolysis in which ester linked local anaesthetics undergo. This means that amides are prone to accumulation when administered by continuous infusion. Drug accumulation is also influenced by reduced hepatic perfusion and hepatic dysfunction. It has been reported that high concentrations of unbound bupivacaine are linked with higher rates of early symptoms of CNS toxicity.
The purified unknown had a melting point range, as seen in Table 1, of 135-137ºC. When the unknown was combined with acetanilide, the melting point range of the mixture was much lower, at only 97-106ºC. The literature melting point of acetanilide is 114ºC where the literature melting point of phenacetin is 135ºC. When the unknown was combined with phenacetin, as seen in Table 1, the melting point range of the mixture was very close to that of the purified unknown, 134-138ºC, and the literature value of phenacetin. It could therefore be concluded that, based on the solubility and melting point of the unknown component, the unknown could be identified as
The recommended dose is 200 mg daily, taken as two separate 100 mg doses, one tablet in the morning and one in the evening.
Aldosterone is in a class of hormones called mineralocorticoids which is also produced by the adrenal glands. The main functions of aldosterone are to help to maintain blood pressure and helping the kidneys retain needed sodium and excrete unwanted potassium to maintain the balance of water and salt in the body.
Lisinopril- Nurse should monitor patient BP and pulse before and during therapy and check for signs of angioedema, if present discontinue therapy. Weight should be monitored and assessed for fluid overload. Patient should take medication at the same time every day and avoid food containing high levels of potassium or sodium due to the risk of hyperkalemia. Nurse should teach about the risk of orthostatic hypotension and dizziness, when changing positions or driving. Blood glucose levels should also be monitored for risk of hypoglycemia.
Menopause naturally occurs in women at a median age of 51 years old due to deficiencies in hormones from ovarian loss of function.1 Some of the most common symptoms of menopause are vasomotor hot flashes and night sweats. The goal of therapy is symptom and quality of life improvement while minimizing side effects. As long as no contraindications are present, the recommended treatment for menopausal vasomotor hot flashes is hormone replacement therapy (HRT).1,2,3 Customized to patient’s symptoms, history of risk factors, and preferences, HRT may increase quality of life.2 However, there are some serious contraindications, possible increased risk for venous thromboembolism and breast cancer, and unclear risk areas concerning HRT along with public skepticism.1,3 Escitalopram(Lexapro ®) is another option studied for
The purpose of this experiment was to learn and preform an acid-base extraction technique to separate organic compounds successfully and obtaining amounts of each component in the mixture. In this experiment, the separation will be done by separatory funnel preforming on two liquids that are immiscible from two layers when added together. The individual components of Phensuprin (Acetylsalicylic acid, Acetanilide, and Sucrose as a filler) was separated based upon their solubility and reactivity, and the amount of each component in the mixture was obtained. Also, the purity of each component will be determined by the melting point of the component.
Becoming pregnant is something that is a struggle for many women, especially when certain infections and diseases are involved. These infections can make it harder to conceive because they can affect the health of the woman and her reproductive system.
Hypertension is an illness that affect elderly across the world, and it most affect women more than man, this is because women are mostly affected because of pregnancy, birth controls and menopause. Hypertension is “the silent killer” because in most cases it does not cause symptoms for many years until a vital organ in the body is damaged, furthermore it can be controlled by reducing salt intake, and increase physical activity and eating fruits and vegetables.
Although some pharmaceutical companies maintain active antibiotic research programs, many have halted their antibiotic programs. So despite encouraging research and development of new anitbacterial drugs is necessary, new drugs alone are not the answer. Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) was introduced in 1987, and it works by “allowing topoisomerases to cut DNA, but not “glue” the ends back together. The result is that the bacterium can no longer replicate its DNA, keeping the bacterial population in check” (Guilfoile 2007). However, Ciprofloxacin resistance is over 30 percent in some species of bacteria. Furthermore it was concluded, “Overuse of Cipro could lead to the development of bacterial resistance to the drug, which would make it useless for treating infections”(Guilfoile 2007).
In order to discover the initial properties of the unknown compound, the group performed qualitative, quantitative, conductivity, anion, and cation tests. For the qualitative solubility test, solvents used were water, toluene, and acetone; the test helped determine if the compound was ionic or polar. The unknown dissolved in water, which had a pH of 7, therefore the compound was polar or ionic. The unknown did not dissolve in toluene or acetone, proving that the compound was not nonpolar. During the quantitative test, group members placed two grams of the unknown compound ten milliliters of water and measured how much compound would dissolve in a given volume of solution. Using an Erlenmeyer flask and a volumetric pipet, the students dissolved two grams of the unknown into ten milliliters of water and a precipitate
WILLIAMS, P and POULTER NR et al (2004) Guidelines for management of hypertension: report of the fourth working party of the British Hypertension Society. British Hypertension Society, pp. 139-85
Patient takes captopril orally 12.5-50 mg 2-3 times daily. It lowers blood pressure by vasodilating blood vessels, and decreasing excessive water and salt in tissue. Side effects of captopril are hypotension, protein in urine, taste disturbances, hyperkalemia, headache, dry cough. Adverse effects are fever, chills, swelling in the face, hands, or feet, trouble swallowing, and chest pain. More serious adverse effects are allergic reaction and kidney failure. Patient teaching includes to take medication at the same time every day, and take it 1 hour before eating. Patient should report side effect to the doctor