TREATMENT:-
In Cervical Radiculopathy, the key concern is to take pressure off the nerve root and improve its blood flow and oxygenation.14
There is no single cause and cure for its widespread and persistent symptoms. A wide variety of interventions are used in management of CR.
1. Conservative therapy
2. Medical management:- muscle relaxant, anti- inflammatory and steroid injection.
3. Surgical management:- foraminotomy, discectomy and fusion, laminectomy
In conservative therapy, there is no single best treatment option. There are many treatments like neural mobilization technique, TENS, IFT, US, SWD, neck muscle strengthening exercise, traction, massage, hydrocollator packs, cervical mobilization etc…
Neurodynamic techniques are described extensively throughout the physiotherapy and biomedical literature. Neurodynamic or neural mobilization technique (NMT) mobilizes the nerve trunk longitudinally, it is deemed positive with the reproduction of symptoms and / or the presence of antagonistic muscle activity to prevent further nerve bed elongation.17
It is a set of techniques designed to restore plasticity of the nervous system, defined as the ability of the nerve surrounding structures to shift in relation to other structures. It is aimed at reconstruction of normal neuromechanics. (18)
Mobilization of the nervous system has a mechanical effect that affects the vascular dynamics, axonal transport systems and mechanical features of the nerve fibers and connective tissues.18
In addition, NMTs are widely used to normalize the CNR’s structure and function via the possible reduction of nerve adherence, facilitation of nerve gliding and decreased neural mechanosensitivity.19,20
This technique avoids pain and mobilizes nerve tis...
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...ensibility of connective tissue. (24)
Heat, in the form of hydrocollator packs, often is used for 15 to 30 minutes to decrease muscular tension and to allow improved tolerance of cervical traction.25
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) is a simple and frequently used method for the assessment of variations in intensity of pain. In clinical practice the percentage of pain relief assessed by VAS, is often considered as a measure of the efficacy of treatment. 26
Neck Disability Index (NDI) is used to assess neck status of the patient.27
The NDI has shown to be reliable and valid for patients with neck pain. Because patients with cervical radiculopathy frequently presents with neck pain and as no other outcome tools has been shown to be superior to the NDI for use with patients with cervical radiculopathy, NDI has been included as one of the health outcome assessment tools.11
Availability of nerve block therapy, chiropractic treatment and high dose of pain medicine which will promote numbness, reduce sciatic nerve pain, minimize fatigue and decrease pain sensation. Similarly, implanted pain pumps which delivers a medicine directly to the spinal cord and symptoms can be controlled by smaller dose than needed dose with oral medication.
...e in the brain to deliver electrical stimulation to targeted areas that control movement (mayoclinic.com, 2013).
When comparing quantitative measures such as gravimeter with visual analog scales, the quantitative measures, subjective ratings have a relatively high level of diagnosis sensitivity and specificity (48,49B). This method, however, is preferably used in research field, and is rarely used in clinical practice.
Canavan disease is a rare genetic disorder that causes progressive damage to the nerve cells in the brain. While not yet curable, many therapies and experimental treatments are available to help those affected. As time goes on scientists will only continue to find a cure for Canavan disease and hopefully in the near future they will find one.
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory and an autoimmune disease that occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s tissue (Rheumatoid arthritis, 2017). This disease affects the entire body, which is called a systemic (means entire body) disease. Arthritis is derived from the word part arthr-, which means “joint,” and -itis, which means “inflammation,” so altogether it means “inflammation of the joints.” It creates inflammation that causes the tissue that lines the inside of joints (synovium) to thicken. About 1.5 million people in the U.S. are affected. It affects all races, but it affects three times as many women than men (What is Rheumatoid Arthritis, n.d.). Overtime, rheumatoid arthritis causes painful swelling that can potentially result in bone erosion or joint deformity, which leads up to physical disabilities. RA can affect more than just your joints, but can spread to body systems, skin, eyes, lungs, heart, blood vessels, e.t.c (Rheumatoid arthritis, 2017).
The majority of clinical cases of laminitis occur at pasture where there is an accumulation of rapidly fermentable non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) such as fructans, simple sugars or starches (Geor, 2010). Pasture-associated laminitis has major economic and welfare implications in the equine sector. Increased risk factors include insulin resistance, increased insulin secretory response, hypertriglyceridaemia and obesity (Asplin, et al., 2007;Carter, et al., 2009 and de Laat, et al., 2010). Insulin resistance has been associated with a number of problems in the horse, most notably laminitis. Insulin resistance can be defined as a physiological condition in which cells have a diminished response to normal actions of the hormone insulin. Insulin is produced but the cells become resistant and are less capable in transporting glucose from the bloodstream to muscle and other tissues. In horses, insulin resistance is associated with a number of diseases such as Equine Metabolic Syndrome (Powell, et al., 2002; Hoffman, et al., 2003;Vick, et al., 2006 and Frank, et al., 2009), Equine Cushing Disease (McGowan, et al., 2004 and Walsh, et al., 2009) and Laminitis (Treiber, et al., 2006;Bailey, et al., 2007;McGowan, 2008 and Geor, 2008). Obesity and insulin resistance in ponies has become a common problem and there is a growing awareness on the role that diet and exercise has to play (Jeffcott, et al., 1986; Frank, et al., 2006 and Vick & Adams, 2007). Over-expressed adipocytokines, such as leptin, have been suggested to impair insulin signalling and cause the up regulation of inflammatory cytokines. This then further contributes to impaired insulin signalling and endothelial dysfunction (Radin, et al., 2009). The restriction of energy throu...
During the nineteenth century a variety of alternative medical traditions became popular in the United States. There was a shift in how people began to view their physical, mental, and emotional health. A type of alternative medicine that quickly became popular in the United States and Europe was the tradition of hygeiotherapy. This form of treatment included hydropathy a type of water-cure treatment and combined that with exercise, dietary reform, sexual restraint, and any behaviors that were viewed as unhealthy.
Rheumatoid Arthritis is when the joints are chronically inflamed, which happens because it is an autoimmune disease which means that the immune system attacks the body tissues. Although Rheumatoid Arthritis mainly affects the joints, it can also affect other organs.
Dendrites are located on either one or both ends of a cell.The peripheral nervous system then takes the sensory information from the outside and sends the messages by virtue of neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters are chemicals that relay signals through the neural pathways of the spinal cord. The neurotransmitter chemicals are held by tiny membranous sacs located in the synaptic terminals. Synaptic terminals are located at the ends of nerve cells. The release of neurotransmitters from their sacs is stimulated once the electrical nerve impulse has finished travelling along a neuron and reaches the synaptic terminal. Afterward, neurotransmitters travel across synapses thus stimulating the production of an electrical charge that carries the nerve impulse onward. Synapses are junctions between neighboring neurons. This procedure is reiterated until either muscle movement occurs or the brain picks up on a sensory reaction. During this process, messages are being transmitted from one part of the body onto the next. The peripheral and central nervous system are two crucial subdivisions of the nervous system. The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous
(e.g., Rhudy, Williams, McCabe, Nguyen, & Rambo, 2005; Terry et al., 2011). For the Ischema Pain Test the individuals were to exercise their hand with 50% of their maximum grip for a total time of 2 minutes. Next, blood was drained from the arm by elevating it above their shoulder for 15 seconds. Then, a blood pressure cuff was placed around the forearm and inflated in order to obstruct blood flow to their hand. The Ischema test is measured in the amount of time for the individual to achieve a 50 or greater on the NRS. To test the NFR the researchers used 3 diodes placed on the participant’s sural nerve to provide electrical impulses directly to the sural nerve. These impulses went in a ladder pattern that ascended and descended in order to give the individual the stimulation of pain. The stimulus was given at 8-12 second intervals and the participants were asked to translate their pain to the NRS for every section of the test. Each time the power of the electrical shock is increased by 1 mA (milliAmp) and an EMG on the bicep was recorded the whole time. For the Electrical Pain Assessment a single shock was induced to each participant and every time it was increased by 2 mA until they reached 100 on the NRS. The researchers did not exceed 50 mA during this test as to not cause
I initially wanted to focus on the nerves located in the spinal cord so those who are paralyzed are not wheelchair bound for the rest of their lives. I soon realized if nerve pathways in the brain could be restored, then the same process could be applied to nerves in the spine. The reason why prosthetics are able to work is due to the fact that neural pathways in our peripheral nervous system (PNS), nerves that connect our limbs to the CNS, are able to regenerate on their own. These neurons are covered with Schwann cells that facilitate the regeneration of the axon, the part of the cell responsible for transmitting signals. Certain proteins located in the CNS, astrocytes and
Sperry, R. W. (1963, October 15). Chemoaffinity in the Orderly Growth of Nerve Fiber Patterns and Connection. Natioanl Academy of Science, 50(4), 703-710.
The Principles of Psychology. Toronto, Ontario: York University. L. R. Hochberg, M. D. (2006). Neuronal ensemble control of prosthetic devices in a human with tetraplegia. Nature, 164-71.
Lateral epicondylitis, better known as “Tennis elbow” is a form of tendonitis. It causes the tendons within the bony structure to swell; it can also cause pain in the elbow which radiates to the arm. The article from WebMD states “These tendons are tough tissues that connect the muscles of your lower arm to the bone”1. Commonly referred to tennis elbow, someone can get this form of tendonitis without playing tennis a day in their lives. It is usually a result of overworking or repetitive motion of those tendons.
Within the human anatomy, an intricate and complex network of specialised nerve fibres and neurons works in collaboration with the central nervous system and peripheral system, designed to carry out the various actions humans perform every day. The nervous system is also known as the master control unit of the human body, as it operates other major functions such as the circulatory and respiratory systems (Jakab, 2006). It is composed of the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The neurons established within the various sections of the nervous system, is structured with three main parts: a dendrite which is a cluster of branches that operates by receiving information from the receptor and neurons and transferring nerve impulses to the cell body; furthermore, a cell body is composed of a nucleus, that works to provide energy and nutrients for the neuron; lastly is an axon, electrically conducted by the myelin sheath, the axon is a pathway nerve impulses pass through from the cell body. In addition, this is the process in which nerve impulses travel by to be able to access the rest of the system (Core Science, 2010). The correct function of the nervous system is vital to the daily survival of an individual, as it obtains a significant role in the control and co-ordination of the human body. Furthermore, if a situation occurs where the nervous system dysfunctions or develops a disease (such as multiple sclerosis), it would in that case threaten the current status of one’s health and cause havoc in the system.