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Conclusion to the history of lacrosse
Conclusion to the history of lacrosse
Conclusion to the history of lacrosse
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Native American Lacrosse
Lacrosse was one of many varieties of indigenous stickball games being
played by American Indians at the time of European contact. Almost
exclusively a male team sport, it is distinguished from the others,
such as field hockey or shinny, by the use of a netted racquet with
which to pick the ball off the ground, throw, catch and convey it into
or past a goal to score a point. The cardinal rule in all varieties of
lacrosse was that the ball, with few exceptions, must not be touched
with the hands.
Early data on lacrosse, from missionaries such as French Jesuits in
Huron country in the 1630s and English explorers, such as Jonathan
Carver in the mid-eighteenth century Great Lakes area, are scant and
often conflicting. They inform us mostly about team size, equipment
used, the duration of games and length of playing fields but tell us
almost nothing about stickhandling, game strategy, or the rules of
play. The oldest surviving sticks date only from the first quarter of
the nineteenth century, and the first detailed reports on Indian
lacrosse are even later. George Beers provided good information on
Mohawk playing techniques in his Lacrosse (1869), while James Mooney
in the American Anthropologist (1890) described in detail the
"[Eastern] Cherokee Ball-Play," including its legendary basis,
elaborate rituals, and the rules and manner of play.
Given the paucity of early data, we shall probably never be able to
reconstruct the history of the sport. Attempts to connect it to the
rubber-ball games of Meso-America or to a perhaps older game using a
single post surmounted by some animal effigy and played together by
men and women remain speculative. As can best be determined, the
distribution of lacrosse shows it to have been played throughout the
eastern half of North America, mostly by tribes in the southeast,
around the western Great Lakes, and in the St. Lawrence Valley area.
Its presence today in Oklahoma and other states west of the
Mississippi reflects tribal removals to those areas in the nineteenth
The presence of activity and sport is found within cultures and societies all over the world, and throughout history. Activity in the form of sport can often be the purest form of expression for a society or individual. The sporting world is often thought to be a microcosm of the actual world with the problems and issues of society still being ever present in the sporting community. Since sport can be used as an expression of self, it is no wonder that sport is often a reflection of the society that it occupies. One such society that was deeply impacted by the role of sport is that of Native American boarding school students in the 1800’s and 1900’s. These students lived tough lives but just like how it had helped other cultural societies, sport was able to provide these students with basic needs of autonomy and pride.
Aboriginals have inhabited Australia tens of thousands of years before any European powers had reached the land. Aboriginals lived simply lives and valued the lands which they lived on. Lifestyles of Aboriginals were threatened with the arrival of British colonizers in the late 1700s and early 1800s, who tried to integrate them into their society. The colonizers also saw the Aboriginals as a backwards, inferior people who were unable to develop. The notion that Aboriginals are inferior to whites may have caused the impacts Aboriginals have had in shaping modern Australia to be overlooked. This effect appears to be apparent in the development of Australian sport, however, Aboriginals have played a significant role in shaping Australian Rules
In all sports, teams use mascots to represent their team’s pride, strength, and will to win. The role the mascot plays is an intimidation factor, as well as something to motivate the team. Teams will have mascots that range from anything, from an animal to an inanimate object, like a hammer or an orange. Mascots rarely fall under scrutiny, except for the mascots that represent Native American tribes, people or cultures. Many schools and teams use some sort of Native American reference as a mascot. The Native American mascots used range from names like the Indians, Chiefs, and Braves, which are some of the more generic ones, to Seminoles, Fighting Illini, and Chippewas to name some of the tribal based names.
There is considerable controversy that dates back to the 1960’s over sports teams’ names that reference Native American heritage. “The National Congress of American Indiana’s (NCIA) created a campaign in 1968 to eliminate stereotypes found in print and other media.” (ChangeTheMascot.org). The American Indian community has worked for many years to abolish the right to use Native American Names, spiritual and cultural symbols by professional sports teams (Teters) that they feel offensive. The Washington Redskins football team continues to battle a long standing controversy to change their name. Native Americans, politicians, fans of American football, as well as the general public all seem to have opposing viewpoints regarding if this team should be forced to change their name out of respect to those offended.
Lacrosse is a fast-growing American high school sport and becoming very successful within the past few decades, so it’s important to analyze how lacrosse has gotten to where it is today and what impacted the spread. The research question is: How has lacrosse changed over the years, and what impacted the spread? Research shows that lacrosse is becoming more popular every year, and many more people are becoming aware of this sport so the history behind what is known as ‘America’s first sport’ should be known. According to the National Federation of State High School, between 2009 and 2013, participation between high school boys and girls has increased for a total of 34%. Today, over 1400 high schools in the US include
To describe football, regulation requires that teams win by earning the most points than the opposing team like shooting hoops in basketball or running to home plate in baseball. During the process of the game, either team will play in offense or defense in order to gain or prevent points. Unlike most sports, the game of football require an enormous amount of physical contact that
Soccer and lacrosse are obviously two different sports , but in a way they are both very similar to each other. Similarly, they both use a ball for their main part of the game.They use the ball to bring it down the field and a try to score on the opposing team. Another similarity is that they both have goalkeepers to help protect the ball from not going in on the team's side. They both stand in their goal box and they are able to bring it down field if they want. In addition, they use nets on the back of the goalkeepers with bars that show how big the goal is and so the ball doesn't fly out of the field when the team scores.Another example of a similarity between soccer and lacrosse is that they both involve a lot of running. For both sports midfield is the position where you have to run
What were the major patterns of Native American life in North America before Europeans arrived? North America was quite advance for its time. It consisted of large scale trade network, well irrigated, many thruways, cities and huge structures. The Indians were quite primitive when comparison to the Europeans gadgets. How did Indian and European ideas of freedom differ on the eve of contact? Europeans thought the Indians were too liberated and lacked organization while the Indians believed more in community and kinship structure building. What impelled European explorers to look west across the Atlantic? The reason for their exploration across the west is due to imports and export and to spread religion to foreign countries. What happened when
Towards the development of the United States of America there has always been a question of the placement of the Native Americans in society. Throughout time, the Natives have been treated differently like an individual nation granted free by the U.S. as equal U.S. citizens, yet not treated as equal. In 1783 when the U.S. gained their independence from Great Britain not only did they gain land from the Appalachian Mountains but conflict over the Indian policy and what their choice was to do with them and their land was in effect. All the way from the first presidents of the U.S. to later in the late 19th century the treatment of the Natives has always been changing. The Native Americans have always been treated like different beings, or savages, and have always been tricked to signing false treaties accompanying the loss of their homes and even death happened amongst tribes. In the period of the late 19th century, The U.S. government was becoming more and more unbeatable making the Natives move by force and sign false treaties. This did not account for the seizing of land the government imposed at any given time (Boxer 2009).
Native American music has many different musical styles. Within every Native American tribe there is a variety of musical styles and instruments. In response to the research that I have conducted, there are three main musical styles that are going to be my point of focus. The Sioux Grass Dance, the Zuni Lullaby, and the Iroquois Quiver Dance are the principal methods which contribute to Native American music.
I never really thought about how Native Americans really felt about people using their Chiefs or Tribes names as College, Universities and professional sports team names and Mascots. This Topic is dividing the Native American community with 90% of the Native community saying that they really don’t get offended about the Mascot and Football team names. The resting 10% of the Native community find it offensive. Saying that it is racist, that the names reinforce and promote bullying towards Native American Students in some schools that have native names or mascots as stated in the article “Oregon Bans Native American Mascots in schools.” I would say I agree that sports teams shouldn’t have their names connected to Native American history or culture,
You see Native American team names and mascots everywhere in sports: middle schools, high schools, colleges and professional teams. In fact, 900 teams in the United States use Native American terms (Potenza). Over the past couple years, Native American groups began to protest, sue, and ask teams with Native American nicknames to change their names, mascots, and logos. For instance, in 2014, many groups have protested against the NFL and the Washington Redskins, to change their name. Many people believe that Native American nicknames belong in sports. Those people believe that using a Native American name brings tradition and honor to the tribes they support. However, those nicknames are racist and humiliate Indians. Sports teams using Native
“Perhaps there is no other group in the world that has quite so diverse and rich culture as that of the Native Americans. With their gilded history that is rich in strife, struggle, and triumph, the Native American culture is indeed very colorful” (Bantwal). Native American culture is very diverse and it has a very colorful history. It is extremely diverse and in fact the term Native American is a broad term that is used to cover all Native tribes in America. Throughout history there has been conflict not only among the different tribes but also there was plenty of fighting against the white men. Much of the fighting between the Native Americans and the white men was due to misunderstandings, mistrust, and miscommunication. Many thousands of years ago “the nomadic ancestors of modern Native Americans who hiked over a “land bridge” from Asia to what is now Alaska” (History.com). Once they reached Alaska they slowly spread out across the continent of North America. They spread out and separated into different tribes who all have many of the same core ideas but the main thing that separates them is their location in the country. There are Indians from the plains, the pacific coast, the southwest, and the northeast and different locations also. One main idea that is pretty much the same for each tribe is the closeness and respect they show for the land they live on. The history of the Native Americans as a whole is pockmarked by conflict. The conflicts between the tribes were very common and happened because of land disputes or just because of the close proximity of the tribes. But when the white men entered the picture this is where miscommunication and mistrust came into play. The white men wanted the land that...
Lacrosse should it become an official high school sport? As this topic comes in many states in the nation there is a huge controversy in the world of lacrosse. Many states on the east coast have made it an school sport, but that really do us people in the midwest now does it? Just in the last couple of years the NAIA has made lacrosse and official school sport. Which is a huge deal for people like me who would like to play at the next level but don’t have the money to play in the NCAA. There is twenty two states in the United States that has recognized lacrosse as an official school sport. Missouri is not one of those states however. The lack of funding in the high schools in the state of Missouri is what is preventing the sport grow at the pace it should be growing, the amount of teams, and the lack of coaches. Missouri State High School Activities Accusations or also known as MSHSAA should make lacrosse a recognized school sport so that the sport can keep growing at the rate it is.
The ball must be held in or between the hands. The arms or body must not be used for holding it. No shouldering, holding, pushing, striking or tripping in any way of an opponent. The first infringement of this rule by any person shall count as a foul; the second shall disqualify him until the next goal is made or, if there was evident intent to injure the person, for the whole of the game. No substitution shall be allowed. A foul is striking at the ball with the fist, violations of Rules 3 and 4 and such as described in Rule 5. If either side make three consecutive fouls it shall count as a goal for the opponents (consecutive means without the opponents in the meantime making a foul). goal shall be made when the ball is thrown or batted from the ground into the basket and stays there, providing those defending the goal do not touch or disturb the goal.