Introduction:
Hyperlipidemia is a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), Very LDLC (VLDL-C) and triglycerides (TGs) with a subsequent decrease in the levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in the systemic circulation.(1)Consumption of high fat or fructose diet, lifestyle modification,age, genetics, smoking, hypertension, type 2 diabetes and otherprecipitating factorsplay a significant role in causingaberrant lipid profile. Dyslipidemia is a major cause of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVDs), such as Coronary heart disease (CHD), ischemic cerebrovascular disease(CBVD) and peripheral vascular disease (PVD). (2)Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the major leading cause of worldwide morbidity and mortality among the adults.A 20%reduction in blood cholesterol level can decrease about 31% of CHD incidence and 33% of its mortality rate. (3)
Hyperlipidemia is a primary target,to find a remedial measure forthe
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The first group ratsserve as normal control and received only 5% CMC(purified grade) orally. Theother four groupswere administered with a single intraperitonealinjection of a freshly prepared solution of Triton-WR 1339 (400 mg/kg),dissolved in normal saline to an overnight fasting (for 18hr) rats.After 72 hours of triton injection, respective treatments were given once daily to all the animals.Second and third groups serve as a positiveand standard control,received 5% CMC and atorvastatin (40mg/kg) respectively.Fourth and fifth grouprats,were supplemented with ethanolic and aqueous extractsof Cinnamon bark (CZEE and CZAE 500mg/kg of each) as shown in Table-1. Both the standard and cinnamon extracts were suspended in 5% CMC solution and were administered orally for seven days, after inducing hyperlipidemia.
A 46-year-old Hispanic man presented to the clinic for a routine physical and a review of his recent laboratory studies. His medical history was significant for high cholesterol. His daily medication regimen included a multivitamin, aspirin 81 mg, and simvastatin (Zocor) 40 mg for high cholesterol. His family history was remarkable for type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia in his mother, maternal grandmother, maternal aunt, and maternal uncle. Physical examination revealed a height of 69 inches, weight of 199 pounds, body mass index (BMI) of 29.4 kg/m2, waist circumference of 36 inches and blood pressure of 125/72 mm Hg. Initial laboratory results were: total cholesterol 195 mg/dL; triglycerides 136 mg/dL; low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), 124 mg/dL; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), 44 mg/dL; and fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 119 mg/dL. Complete blood count, renal function and liver function tests were all normal. Additional studies included an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) of 157 mg/dL and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) of 5.9%. The patient’s physical exam was unremarkable with no abnormalities noted.
Hyperplasia is the early stage development of cells to cancer cells. It increases in cells that have the capability to proliferate at a fast rate. Often times, hyperplasia is correlated with the increase in proliferation and the speed of mitosis. The increase in the number of cells with hyperplasia means that the proliferation is happening at a faster rate than normal. Hyperplasia is considered to be the early stage of dysplasia, though not all hyperplasia leads to dysplasia.
Lipid metabolism is one source of energy for the human body. We eat food containing one form of lipids, triacylglycerols. Before starting lipid metyabolism, these fats get broken down into droplets by bile salts.Triacylglycerols can be broken into fatty acids plus glycerol via hydrolysis with the help of the pancreatic lipase enzymen and then get used by cells for energy by breaking down even further. Once the pancreas and cells have enough energy and don’t need to absorb anymore, fatty acids get synthesized back into triacylgleryols. The excess triacylglycerols get stored in adipose tissue. Excess storage leads to weight gain and obesity.
operculum) was reduced to. In a study conducted by A.M. Quetin, electrolyte levels liver toxicity tests and blood sugar levels were shown to be
Almost everybody knows the negative effects bad cholesterol has on the body. Bad cholesterol has to do with low-density lipoprotein’s molecular transport deposits that thicken in the walls of the arteries hindering the flawless passage of blood affecting the atherogenic status of the arterial walls. But not everybody fully appreciates the important role cholesterol plays in the body. This non-soluble, waxy substance is essential to aid in the building of membranes, the manufacture of bile, strengthening of cell walls and nerve sheaths, and in the production of hormones.
St. John’s Wort, often called hypercium for its botanical name, Hypercium perforatum, is derived from a yellow flowering plant. Hypercium is native to Europe, western Asia, North Africa, Madeira and the Azores, and has been transported to and grows wild in parts of Australia and North America (Cracchiolo, 1999). Extracts of the plant have been used in European folk medicine for centuries (Kim, 1999), and in Germany today, Hypercium is used above all other antidepressants (Volz, 1997). Hypercium can be taken through infusion, powder, tincture, fluid extract, or oil, and because there is no standardization, doses range from 0.4mg to 2.7mg, and 300-1000mg of crude extract per day (www.frontiercoop.com/herbfest/98/notes/snjwort.html ).
CAD is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the worldwide. The prevalence of biological and metabolic risk factors were also found to be high in development of coronary artery disease. Patients with hypercholesterolemia are at increased risk to experience cardiovascular events and to die from vascular disease [2]. .Statins, among the most commonly prescribed drugs worldwide, are cholesterol let downing agents used to manage cardiovascular and coronary heart diseases and to treat hypercholesterolemia. Statin’s therapy ...
Tappy, L., Lê, K. A., Tran, C., & Paquot, N. (2010). Fructose and metabolic diseases: New findings,
Atherosclerosis is the culprit behind coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke, which is the most common cause of death worldwide and in the United States10. Among the modifiable risk factors of CHD and stroke is the serum low density lipoprotein level (LDL)8, 11. Several randomized clinical trials have established that reducing the serum LDL level results in a reduction in the future risk of CHD and stroke in a linear relationship, in one study it was estimated that reducing the LDL by 1 % would reduce the risk by 1.7 %.1-4, 7, 9, 13
Metabolic syndrome is described to be a cluster of metabolic risk factors that combines together to create a single individual health issue. The individual factors that combined to create this issue are insulin resistance, hypertension which is a form of high blood pressure, cholesterol abnormalities, impaired glucose tolerance, the tendency to develop fat around the abdomen and an increased risk for clotting. The metabolic disorders and cardiovascular disease are very close related. This syndrome is considered to be a risk factor for several cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes that arises due to insulin resistance and an abnormal function and pattern of body fat. Insulin resistance refers to the diminished ability of cells to respond to the action of insulin in promoting the transport of the sugar glucose, from blood into muscles and other tissues. Metabolic syndrome is also known as syndrome X or the dysmetabolic syndrome and people who are overweight or obese all fall at the highest risk for this syndrome. (Medicine.net, 1)
Henderson, L., Yue, Q. Y., Bergquist, C., Gerden, B., & Arlett, P. (2002). St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum): drug interactions and clinical outcomes. British journal of clinical pharmacology. 2002; 54(4):349-356.
Metabolic Syndrome (syndrome X, insulin resistance syndrome) is the name for a group of risk factors that raise your risk for diabetes mellitus (DM), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and other health problems, such as diabetes and stroke.2 It is characterized by abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, low HDL, and elevated triglycerides. Some hallmarks of metabolic syndromes are dyslipidemia, central adiposity, and a predisposition to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, certain cancers, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Genetics appears to play an important role in predisposing certain individuals and populations to the development of metabolic syndrome.1 Multiple environmental factors modify this genetic predisposition and include physical inactivity, advancing age, cigarette smoking, and endocrine dysfunction. The presence of one or either of these signs should alert the clinician to search for other biochemical abnormalities that may be associated with the metabolic syndrome.
Cardiovascular disease is currently the nation’s leading non-communicable cause of morbidity and mortality. According to the American Heart Association, the most common form of cardiovascular disease is coronary artery disease, a condition in which the heart’s blood supply is reduced due to a narrowing of the coronary arteries. These arteries play a significant role in regulating the flow of oxygenated blood to the heart. As blood circulates through the arteries, it exerts a force against the vessel walls, known as blood pressure. To withstand this pressure, elastic fibers interspersed along the artery walls allow the arteries to expand and recoil. Abnormally high blood pressure, however, will cause these muscles to thicken as a result of tears in the damaged artery walls trapping particles that aggregate as plaque. Progressive build-up of plaque ultimately leads to a narrowing of the arteries, subsequently diminishing blood flow to the heart and other body organs. This cascade of events triggered by high blood pressure illustrates why hypertension is one of the most important risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Affecting 1 in every 3 adults in the United States alone, hypertension substantially raises the risk for heart disease in an affected individual who, most likely, does not show any signs or symptoms. In addition to the risks associated with this “silent killer,” comorbidities such as obesity, diabetes, and high cholesterol can drastically worsen health outcomes in hypertensive patients. Given the high prevalence and severe consequences of hypertension if undetected, researching this particular topic will increase our understanding of the causes of hypertension by identifying and narrowing down lead candidates for pot...
Cinnamon is metabolized into sodium benzoate and eating cinnamon significantly elevates the level of sodium benzoate in your brain. Recent studies have shown that sodium benzoate helps with brain function and may prevent neurological disorders. It does this by creating a significant number of chemicals in the brain called neurotropic factors. These factors stimulate the birth of new neurons and encourage the survival of existing neurons. This greatly slows down degenerative diseases of the brain like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.
Katan, MB. "High-oil compared to low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets in the prevention of ischemic heart disease." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 66:974-979, Oct. 1997