Esterberg’s discussion of the connection between theory and data says that in order to carry out qualitative research you need to use inductive reason. Deductive reasoning is the opposite approach inductive reasoning which correlates with quantitative research. When looking at deductive research you begin with creating a theory that you want to test by creating a hypothesis and picking a sample to study. Looking at inductive reasoning you begin with analyzing the world around you and strategize different characteristics to form a theory. To me theory means reasoning’s to test something to find answers. I believe it helps us understand the world around us better but making correlations between two different things.
2. Offer a brief description of the following:
a. Naturalism, including some of the critiques: Naturalism research is when researchers go out into the real world and observe people or communities naturally. The data is written up in the words of the people rather than what the researcher says. The researcher focuses on key aspects as in creating personal and empathetic connections in order to fully commit into the community they are studying. Some of the critiques of naturalism include the accountability of the researcher of
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Chapter two also taught me how to get started with my research and to think about how I’m going to conduct my question and what I want to test. I did feel like the pink tringle reading was a bit difficult to read. I do feel pretty confident about doing my own hands on research project but I am a little nervous I won’t correctly do it. In my own opinion I feel like qualitative research is more difficult than quantitative research. I believe it would be a good experience to participate in the Pink Triangle Experiment because I think it’s a big social movement to show change and understanding of gays and
Theories are used as explanations of an experiment or study. A theory can be tested and then is used a predictor of something. People in criminal justice use criminological theories to explain why individuals commit crimes and based off of these theories, they can also see try to predict whether people will commit crimes and based off this try to prevent individuals from offending. In the criminal justice work field another set of theories are used called Management Theories. Similar to criminological theories, management theories can also help predict and explain people’s behavior. Management theories help explain behavior in the workplace. They are executed to aid in the expansion of employee output.
There are many definitions to theory. According to Akers (2009) “theories are tentative answers to the commonly asked questions about events and behavior” (Akers, (2009, p. 1). Theory is a set of interconnect statements that explain how two or more things are related in two casual fashions, based upon a confirmed hypotheses and established multiple times by disconnected groups of researchers.
Having satisfied this researchers then make epistemological assumptions surrounding the subject matter. They must decide on the type of evidence to be collected, considering which evidence will deliver optimum validity. They must decide which stance to take during research, objective or neutral, considering which would be possible or even favourable. They must then think about how this can be best achieved. Should the research be classified as 'scientific' or 'unscientific' and what determines this?
Research is defined as systematic investigation in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions (OUP, 2014). The biopsychosocial model has already been described.
The father of quantitative analysis, Rene Descartes, thought that in order to know and understand something, you have to measure it (Kover, 2008). Quantitative research has two main types of sampling used, probabilistic and purposive. Probabilistic sampling is when there is equal chance of anyone within the studied population to be included. Purposive sampling is used when some benchmarks are used to replace the discrepancy among errors. The primary collection of data is from tests or standardized questionnaires, structured interviews, and closed-ended observational protocols. The secondary means for data collection includes official documents. In this study, the data is analyzed to test one or more expressed hypotheses. Descriptive and inferential analyses are the two types of data analysis used and advance from descriptive to inferential. The next step in the process is data interpretation, and the goal is to give meaning to the results in regards to the hypothesis the theory was derived from. Data interpretation techniques used are generalization, theory-driven, and interpretation of theory (Gelo, Braakmann, Benetka, 2008). The discussion should bring together findings and put them into context of the framework, guiding the study (Black, Gray, Airasain, Hector, Hopkins, Nenty, Ouyang, n.d.). The discussion should include an interpretation of the results; descriptions of themes, trends, and relationships; meanings of the results, and the limitations of the study. In the conclusion, one wants to end the study by providing a synopsis and final comments. It should include a summary of findings, recommendations, and future research (Black, Gray, Airasain, Hector, Hopkins, Nenty, Ouyang, n.d.). Deductive reasoning is used in studies...
Both inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning have a premise and a conclusion. They are both reasoning’s and a conclusion. How both reasoning’s get to a conclusion is different. Deduction
A sound deductive argument, within the context of finding a definite answer, requires that, “it is both valid, and all of its premises are actually true.” (“Validity and Soundness”) In other words, a deductive argument is sound if the ‘things’ that it is standing on are real, and it relates these things in a way that logically leads to the argument’s conclusion. For example, a sound deductive argument could follow that, “If I fill up my car with gas, I will not wind up with an empty tank. I have filled my car up with gas, therefore I will not wind up with an empty tank.” Since the premise that a car needs gas to stay ‘full’ is true, and the premise and conclusion of the argument are logically related, the argument
Introspection and behaviorism used to be two very popular styles of research. Introspection is the process of observing one's own mental, or emotional processes. Whereas behaviorism is the theory that both human and animal behavior can be changed by conditioning. These styles created a new way for researchers to expand their theories. While this style of research was prominent for several years, the psychology community soon began to realize that they both had certain limitations.
Tunnell, GB & Hernstein, R. . (1977). Three dimensions of naturalness: An expanded definition of field research. Psychological Bulletin, 84 (3), 426-437
The study will be inductive in nature. Unlike the deductive approach, the inductive approach involves the researcher generating theories, concepts and themes form the retrieved data. In other words, the researcher will have to look for the specific prototypes and patterns from the data collected and hence come up with their explanations. Basing on this philosophical approach, it is difficult to develop hypotheses at the start of the research. Thus, it is only through the pattern regularities between variables that the researcher can be able to generate theory and hence, make conclusions. The inductive approach is always associated with qualitative methods. Hence, qualitative methods will be at play in the study. The qualitative research approach
In an inductive argument, new ideas and information may be introduced, aiding new scientific explanations and conclusions, whereas in an deductive argument, no new ideas or information is introduced since the conclusions are already stated either explicitly or implicitly within the premises. Both inductive and deductive arguments work hand in hand and are used in Empirical Science and in the Scientific Method. Deductive arguments alone, as encouraged initially by Aristotle, is not effective when trying to explain a more complex idea or phenomena. Deduction and scientific experimentation along with induction is much more effective at explaining and arriving at a conclusion and the Scientific Method and the Empirical Sciences now consists and depends of these two types of arguments, deductive argument to prove a specific conclusion, and inductive argument to generate new ideas and
Inductive reasoning is logical reasoning where people have a lot of the information and use that to reach a conclusion. It is viewing the available data and figuring out what will be the results. For instance, from an online article, it demonstrates, “Inductive reasoning is a logical process in which multiple premises, all believed true or found true most of the time, are combined to obtain a specific conclusion” (Rouse, 2013). It shows that there are a lot of ideas to analyze and calculate what the possible outcomes will be. It can also be done by looking at patterns. When looking at patterns, it is important to study it to see what is recurring. This makes it possible to predict what will happen based on the knowledge that has been collected. Inductive reasoning is using information or events that have happened in the past to see what is in store for the future.
We all use theories in our everyday life. We make assumptions about certain things, that in turn allow us to form a kind of theory or thought. We gather these assumptions very early on in life, by what we have been taught or have learned. Exactly what is a theory and how is it different form a hypothesis? A theory is a set of statements or principles that explain how two or more events are related to each other. A hypothesis is an explanation for an observation, or natural phenomenon that can be tested and retested for further investigation. Theories can be concrete or either abstract. Knowing that when you turn the knob on the fault water will come out or knowing that it might rain if you see clouds in the sky. These theories are relatively simple or concrete. Abstract theories are very difficult to apply to our reality. It is very difficult in testing the concept that the faster you travel the slower time gets. Theories on crime rates in a particular community and the different effects that it has on the different social structures are abstract. When you are conducting your research, there are two methods that you can use Quantitative and Qualita...
Creswell (2009), states that there are three types of designs, qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods. Smith and Davis (2010) states that qualitative research is a field of enquiry that is conducted in a natural setting by a researcher, who may be involved in, or may be part of the data collection process; as it utilizes the views of informants as the basis for the report. Qualitative research attempts to gain and in-depth, holistic picture of the phenomenon one wishes to study by interacting closely with the people being studied; the data collected are usually in the form of words or pictures.
A theory is a way organizing and systematizing what is known about a phenomenon. It is, in fact, “a rationalized set of assumptions or hypotheses that provides a person with tools that can be utilized to explain the past and predict the future” (Johnson, 2000). Therefore, theories provide direction and when tested and supported, can assist in expanding our knowledge.