Wait a second!
More handpicked essays just for you.
More handpicked essays just for you.
History of development computers
History Of Computer Development
Research on the history of microprocessors
Don’t take our word for it - see why 10 million students trust us with their essay needs.
Recommended: History of development computers
In 1971 Intel created the first microprocessor, this microprocessor contained as much power as the most powerful computer in the world at the time. This processor was called Intel 4004. One year later the 4004 microprocessor was replaced by the twice as powerful 8008 microprocessor. In 1974 Intel released the 8080 processor, this was followed by the release of the 8085 and 8086 processors which were released between 1976 and 1978. The 8085 processor was a 8 bit microprocessor with a 64KB RAM and it was single voltage with 256 I/O ports. The 8086 processor was a 16 bit microprocessor with a 16 bit data bus, 1MB RAM and 64K I/O Ports. Since the first inception of microprocessors Intel has gone on to create better and more powerful processors. In 1979 Intel released the 8088 processor. The 8088 was the very first processor to be used in the original IBM PC and XT personal computers. The 8088 was less cheaper than the 8086 because of the availability of 8-bit data bus supporting chips which were less expensive. Even though the 8088 was slower than the 8086 IBM decided to choose the 8088 for their IBM PC. The 8088 was available in speeds from 4.77MHz and 8MHz, it also used a 16-bit architecture and supported up to 1MB of RAM. In 1979 Motorola created their own processor, they called it the 6860. The 6860 was chosen by Apple for their Macintosh computer. In 1980 Intel released the 80186 processor. Buyers could choose from CHMOS (Complementary High Performance Metal Oxide Semiconductor) or HMOS (High-performance Metal Oxide Semiconductor) and 8 or 16-bit versions. The CHMOS chip was able to run at twice the clock speed and one fourth of the power of the HMOS chip. Both chips came with a 1-micron core design and they both ran at 25MHz. ... ... middle of paper ... ...unched in October 2011, the first products were FX-Series desktop microprocessors which were then followed by Opteron 4200 and 6200 server CPUs that were launched in November 2011. According to Joel Hruska of the ExtremeTech website the AMD Bulldozer’s performance was significantly worse than anyone expected. The Bulldozer leverages features of multi-threading to combine the functions of what would usually be two separate cores into one package. AMD calls this combination module. Each module contains two cores. When AMD designed the Bulldozer it was aiming to have higher frequencies whilst still maintaining the same instructions per clock cycle (IPC) as the previous processor. The main issue with this processor was the way AMD implemented the Turbo Core. The Turbo Core was meant to increase the max clock speed by two grades when only four of the cores are enabled.
For over thirty years, since the beginning of the computing age, the Gordon Moore's equation for the number of chip transistors doubling every eighteen months has been true (Leyden). However, this equation by its very nature cannot continue on infinitely. Although the size of the transistor has drastically decreased in the past fifty years, it cannot get too much smaller, therefore a computer cannot get much faster. The limits of transistor are becoming more and more apparent within the processor speed of Intel and AMD silicon chips (Moore's Law). One reason that chip speeds now are slower than possible is because of the internal-clock of the computer. The clock organizes all of the operation processing and the memory speeds so the information ends at the same time or the processor completes its task uniformly. The faster a chip can go (Mhz) requires that this clock tick ever and ever faster. With a 1.0 Ghz chip, the clock ticks a billion times a second (Ball). This becomes wasted energy and the internal clock limits the processor. These two problems in modern computing will lead to the eventual disproving of Moore's Law. But are there any new areas of chip design engineering beside the normal silicon chip. In fact, two such designs that could revolutionize the computer industry are multi-threading (Copeland) and asynchronous chip design (Old Tricks). The modern silicon processor cannot keep up with the demands that are placed on it today. With the limit of transistor size approaching as well the clock speed bottleneck increasing, these two new chip designs could completely scrap the old computer industry and recreate it completely new.
In April of 1976, Apple launched the Apple I computer with the price tag of $666.66. Initial sales were underwhelming due to the high
In 1993 Apple introduced the Newton handheld computer, but sale did not show much promise. Since earnings were decreasing, Apple had to downsize its workforce. Sculley was among the employees who left the company. By 1994 Apple started licensing clones of its OS, hoping to attract software developers. In 1996 Apple realized Mac clones were stealing sales and hired Gilbert Amelio as CEO, formerly from National Semiconductor.
In 1953 it was estimated that there were 100 computers in the world. Computers built between 1959 and 1964 are often regarded as the "second generation" computers, based on transistors and printed circuits - resulting in much smaller computers. 1964 the programming language PL/1 released by IBM. 1964 the launch of IBM 360. These first series of compatible computers. In 1970 Intel introduced the first RAM chip. In 1975 IBM 5100 was released. In 1976 the Apple Computer Inc. was founded, to market Apple I Computer. Designed to Stephen Wozinak and Stephan Jobs. In 1979 the first compact disk was released around 1981 IBM announced PC, the standard model was sold for $2,880.00.
In 1968 Bob Noyce, Gordon Moore and Andy Grove founded a new company that built semiconductor memory products, named NM Electronics Inc. Moore and Noyce had problems with the copyright of the company’s name as it already belonged to a hotel chain. Noyce, Moore and Grove then changed the name to Intel Corporation, short for Integrated Electronics. The small startup company was founded in Santa Clara, California with $500,000 and funds from investors. In 1971 they introduced the world’s first microprocessor, which revolutionized the computer industry. Moore sensed the impending growth of the semiconductor computer chip industry and predicted that the amount of transistors on a single computer chip would double every year. This fact helds true and has been coined as “Moore’s Law”. Intel's mission is to be the preeminent building block supplier to the Interne...
Intel is a multinational semiconductor chip maker corporation with the main headquarters located in Santa Clara, California. Founded on July 18, 1968, they are the world’s largest and highest valued semiconductor chip manufacturer (based on the company’s income) and are also the inventor of the x86 series processor2. It was founded by two men, Gordon E. Moore and Robert Noyce; the duo came from the Fairchild Semiconductor company. Intel’s first product after founding was the 3101 Schottky TTL bipolar 64-bit static random-access memory which was nearly twice as fast as earlier iterations by Fairchild and other competing companies. In the very same year, 1969, Intel also manufactured the 3301 Schottky bipolar 1024-bit read-only memory and the first publicly available metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor silicon gate SRAM chip, which was the 256-bit 1101.
The company expanded in the 1950aê¡?s and 1960aê¡?s and became semiconductor producers for other manufacturers. Motorola also became a global company in the 1960aê¡?s. In the 1970aê¡?s Motorola introduced the companyaê¡?s first microprocessor and a prototype for the worldaê¡?s first commercial portable phone. In the 1980aê¡?s and 1990aê¡?s Motorola provided the worldaê¡?s first computerized engine control, invented the Six Sigma quality improvement process, launched the MicroTac which was then the smallest and lightest cellular phone on the market. In the 21st century Motorola has provided the worldaê¡?s first GPRS cellular system, the worldaê¡?s first wireless cables modem gateway, and the MOTORAZR V3 cellular phone.
was introduce in 1971. IBM then came out with more advance computers such as System/38 in 1978 and the AS / 400 in 1988.
In 1979 Apple II+ is introduced, available with 48K of memory and a new auto-start ROM for easier startup and screen editing for $1,195.
In 1985 the company produced (in China) the first computer of its own design (the "Turbo PC").
Unannounced to Jobs Hewlett admired his initiative and gave him a summer at HP assembling frequency counter. In 1975 the first apple computer was created and officially sold to the public. At the time Jobs and his business partners where...
Like most technology, there is always the struggle to make the hardware more efficient, much like the story of the 8051 microcontroller. In 1980, Intel introduced the 8051 microcontroller as a successor to the 8048. It was efficient. It was not the best piece of equipment, but it worked at the time and was successful. 8-bits, multiple I/O ports, 128kb of RAM, it was a standard piece to use.
The UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) was the first computer which was not a one-of-a- kind laboratory instrument. The UNIVAC became a household word in 1952 when it was used on a televised newscast to project the winner of the Eisenhower- Stevenson presidential race with stunning accuracy. That same year Maurice V. Wilkes (developer of EDSAC) laid the foundation for the concepts of microprogramming, which was to become the guide for computer design and construction. In 1954, the first general-purpose computer to be completely transistorized was built at Bell Laboratories.
Processor speeds are measured in megahertz (MHz) and now come in speeds of up to 1000 MHz (1 GHz), which is very fast. This is almost ten times faster than the speed of most home computers, which average from 133 MHz to 166 MHz. Intel and AMD have been in a race to break the 1 GHz speed barrier, and the number of megahertz in the newest processors is not as significant as it was in earlier processors. For example, the difference between a 133 MHz processor and a 166 MHz processor is
computer architecture Computer architecture covers the design of system software, such as the operating system (the program that controls the computer), as well as referring to the combination of hardware and basic software that links the machines on a computer network. Computer architecture refers to an entire structure and to the details needed to make it functional. Thus, computer architecture covers computer systems, microprocessors, circuits, and system programs. Typically the term does not refer to application programs, such as spreadsheets or word processing, which are required to perform a task but not to make the system run.