Difference Between The OSI Reference Model And The TCP/IP Reference Model

1.4 – Reference Models

Section 1.4 is basically the author telling us about two important network architectures, the OSI reference model and the TCP/IP reference model. The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) deals with connecting opens systems, which are systems that talk with other systems. This model has seven layers: the physical layer, the data link layer, the network layer, the transport layer, the session layer, the presentation layer, and the application layer. From this information, we discover that the OSI model is used only for its model (the 7 layers) and not as a network architecture since it doesn’t specify the exact services and protocols to be used in each layer.
Next, the writer goes over the second type of network architecture - the TCP/IP reference model, the granddaddy of the wide area computer network. This architecture allows the connection of multiple networks seamlessly. The architecture is flexible and capable of running even if some of the subnet hardware is destroyed or non-functional as long as the source and destination machines are functioning. In a similar fashion to the OSI model, the TCP/IP model has layers as well. In this case, we have four layers: the link

First up, the Internet. The Internet is a vast collection of different networks that use certain common protocols and provide certain common services. In this section, they go into great detail about the history, like how it started as a military project, and even talk about how users gain access to the modern version through ISPs (Internet Service Providers). For our second example, the author writes about third-generation mobile phone networks, or 3G. Initially deployed in 2001, this systems offers both digital voice and broadband digital data services. One benefit to this system is mobility which comes from the ability of data to be handed off from one cell tower to