Carbon Compounds
23.1 What is carbon Compounds?
carbon compounds are far more numerous and varied than compounds formed from other elements
there are millions of different carbon compounds
most are combinations with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorous, and the hologens
some general and physical properties of carbon atoms are :
non electrolytes, or very weak electrolytes
low melting points
compounds made solely from carbon and hydrogen are generally non-polar and insoluble in water
23.2 Where do Carbon Compounds come from?
Coal
composed chiefly of carbon of carbon atoms, incorporated appreciable amounts of oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur compounds into it’s structure
Destructive distillation
in which coal is heated in the absence of air, liberated many carbon compounds
Coal tar was separated into 200 different carbon compounds
In order to maintain living conditions, organisms must synthesize numerous carbon-based molecules such as protein, fats, sugars, cellulose, etc.
Since all the sources of carbon compounds came from living organisms, chemistry of carbon was called organic chemistry.
23.3 So many organic compounds
Why So Many?
The bonding Behavior of Carbon:
For electrons available for bonding, electrons can be shared in four covalent bonds
Carbon atoms can be linked together to form chains of various lengths
Different arrangements of the same atoms result in different substances, each with unique chemical and physical identities
23.4 Sorting Out Organic Compounds
Hydrocarbons:
Carbon compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms
Or...
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...in carboxly functional group COOHm which makes the molecules ploar
Weak acids due to the dissociation of the hydrogen atom from the carboxyl group
Named by the replacing “e” ending of the parent alkane with “oic” acid
Eg. Ethanoic(acetic) acid vinegar
Esters
Produced from a reaction between organic acids and alcohols
Esterifications reversible dehydration reaction in which alcohol loses a hydrogen atom and the acid loses the “OH” part of it’s carboxyl group
water is a by-product
posess distinctive aromas and flavors
Amines
organic compounds closely related to ammonia
amides produced when an amino or ammonia is treated with an organic acid
important group of biological compounds
contain a carbonyl group bonded to the nitrogen atom of an amino
11C or more commonly known as Carbon 11 is a radioisotope of Carbon (tracer) which gives off gamma rays. This radioisotope decays to Boron 11 due to beta plus decay or positron emission. Conversely this change can be a result of electron capture but the chance of this happening is minuscule (0.19-0.23% of the time). Carbon 11 has a half-life of 20.34 minutes [1]. The equation of the transformation between 11C and 11B is shown below:
According to the Brønsted-Lowry acid-base theory, an acid is a reactant that loses a hydrogen ion to another reactant. A strong acid is when virtually all the molecules of the acid ionises in water. In this experiment, the strong acid used was hydrochloric acid. This acid is formed when gaseous hydrogen chloride reacts with water according to the equation:
Carbohydrates are biomolecules that consist of a chain or ring of carbon atoms attached to hydrogen and oxygen atoms. The simplest formula for carbohydrates is (CH2O)n. Carbohydrates are important to organisms for a variety of reasons. They are used to form the structural components of the cell, aid in energy storage, and serve as intermediary compounds for more complex molecules. Carbohydrates are classified as either monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides. Both monosaccharides and disaccharides dissolve easily in water. Carbohydrates are produced in plants through the process of photosynthesis and animals obtain these carbohydrates by eating the plants. ("BIO 1510 Laboratory Manual," 2016)
Autotrophs, can build organic compounds from simple molecules such as water and carbon dioxide and their type of feeding is called autotrophic nutrition. While they are building complex molecules, they need large amounts of energy. They are divided into two groups according to their source of energy: chemoautotrophs and photoautotrophs. Chemoautotrophs can synthesize organic compounds from CO₂ AND H₂O by using inorganic oxidation energy and they do not require sunlight. However, photoautotrophs, including green plants, produce sugar and O₂ from CO₂ and H₂O by using sunlight. The green pigment which absorbs the light is called chlorophyll and this process is called photosynthesis.
as combustion. It is a chemical reaction between oxygen in the atmosphere and some sort of fuel such as wood or gasoline (Fire). For the reaction to take place, you have to heat the fuel to its ignition temperature. When wood reaches the temperature of 300 degrees Fahrenheit, or 150 degrees Celsius, the heat starts to decompose parts of the cellulose material that makes up the wood. These decomposing materials release volatile gases. The more common name for these gases, is smoke. Smoke is the combination of the compounds of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen (Combustion). A fire also forms char and ash. Char is almost pure carbon. It is what you buy when you get charcoal. Charcoal is just wood that was heated to remove everything besides the carbon, hence why it burns without smoke (Charcoal). Ash is all the unburnable minerals in the wood such as calcium and potassium.
2 Elements are substances that cannot be broken down further into simpler substances by chemical means. There are currently 103 known elements from which all matter that exists is made. And they each have their own atomic number based ...
The myths must be dispelled. First of all, coal is not a bountiful. It is a nonrenewable resource and, according to a United States Geologic Survey, it is only expected...
Carbon is essential to many basic biological functions. Carbon’s unique properties are what make this element the basis of all living matter. Carbon is also responsible for the creation of monomers, polymers, and macromolecules. Monomers are small, simple units of carbon that have been strung together to form larger polymers. Polymers are more complex molecules made from individual carbon monomers. Macromolecules are very large molecules made from carbon based chains, such as polymers. The four classes of macromolecules include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. The creation of these very important macromolecules is caused by the properties of carbon. These properties include carbon’s ability to form four covalent bonds, carbon’s
There are lots of natural processes constantly happening all around us, these processes are often linked by passing one type of atom to the next process which passes the same atom to the next one and so on. This ‘passing of the atom’ along a chain of processes is called a cycle, the series of processes in which the carbon atom goes through is called the carbon cycle. Each Carbon is the fourth most affluent element in the universe and is an important part of most molecules that make up most of the world’s natural resources and organic matter, which is why the carbon cycle is one of the most important cycles on earth. Through-out the cycle, carbon can become several different forms such as sugar, oil, diamond and marble. Processes such as photosynthesis, combustion and the compression of the earth play key roles in changing, containing and releasing carbon. All the chemical reactions and processes and forms carbon creates are part of the carbon cycle, which is one of the most important cycle on earth. The majority of carbon on earth is in the atmosphere the rest is stored in rocks, fossil fuels, oceans, plants and soil. Carbon is constantly being added to the atmosphere, the most common forms being carbon dioxide and methane gas. At the same time it’s being removed by plants on land and in the oceans. Carbon can be stored for hundreds of years in sediment, fossil fuels, rocks and the ocean. The carbon in the atmosphere is almost always a compound called carbon dioxide.
Coal is one of the world’s most abundant fossil fuels. Coal was formed during the Carboniferous Period when dead plant material was buried and subjected to high pressure and heat. Coal is classified by moisture content and composition. There are four d...
Stated by The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th Ed. It is said that “Charcoal is a substance obtained by partial burning or carbonization (destructive distillation) of organic material, a charcoal is largely pure carbon.” In addition, The Columbia Encyclopedia said that the entry of air during the carbonization process is controlled so that the organic material does not turn to ash, as in a conventional fire, but decomposes to form charcoal.
A) In 1884, the Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius theorized compounds would be classified into two different substances. These two substances are acids and bases. The Arrhenius Theory of acids and bases states that acids are substances that dissociate to form charged atoms known as ions. Bases ionize to produce hydroxide ions while acids produce hydrogen ions. HCl is an example of an Arrhenius acid because it dissociate into an H+ ion. The reaction involving NaOH is an example of an Arrhenius base because it is increasing the concentration of (OH-) ions.
When coal gets burned they start to release harmful dangerous toxins such as mercury, lead and arsenic that will then escape into the air. It also releases large amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere. These emissions increase the greenhouse effect in the atmosphere and lead to global warming.
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon and its compounds (Alcin). Carbon is less than one percent of all matter.Carbon is part of every living thing (Gangson). Carbon makes up eighteen percent of all the matter in living things. (Alcin). The average human body has about 16 kilograms of carbon in some form of this element. Carbon is a part of DNA and proteins. (Robertson).
Carbon Dioxide is a colorless, odorless gas that occurs in small quantities in the earth's atmosphere naturally. The earth's ocean, soil, plants and animals release CO2. The formula of Carbon Dioxide is CO2. The CO2 molecule contains 2 oxygen atoms that each share 2 electrons with a carbon atom to form 2 carbon - oxygen double bonds. The atoms are arranged as so (OHT). This is called a 'linear molecule'.