Carbon is essential to many basic biological functions. Carbon’s unique properties are what make this element the basis of all living matter. Carbon is also responsible for the creation of monomers, polymers, and macromolecules. Monomers are small, simple units of carbon that have been strung together to form larger polymers. Polymers are more complex molecules made from individual carbon monomers. Macromolecules are very large molecules made from carbon based chains, such as polymers. The four classes of macromolecules include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. The creation of these very important macromolecules is caused by the properties of carbon. These properties include carbon’s ability to form four covalent bonds, carbon’s
Carbohydrates are biomolecules that consist of a chain or ring of carbon atoms attached to hydrogen and oxygen atoms. The simplest formula for carbohydrates is (CH2O)n. Carbohydrates are important to organisms for a variety of reasons. They are used to form the structural components of the cell, aid in energy storage, and serve as intermediary compounds for more complex molecules. Carbohydrates are classified as either monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides. Both monosaccharides and disaccharides dissolve easily in water. Carbohydrates are produced in plants through the process of photosynthesis and animals obtain these carbohydrates by eating the plants. ("BIO 1510 Laboratory Manual," 2016)
Carbon is one of the 115 chemical elements discovered on Earth which is part of the nonmetals group with other elements such as nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen. Carbon as an element has good stability, it is very light, very stable, and has many types of forms such as graphite, and coal. Carbon fiber is just another form of carbon, basically has filaments between five to ten micrometers in diameter of pure carbon or at least 90% of carbon. Thousand carbon fibers are twisted together to form a long chain, which can then be used in a variety of raw forms, including yarns, weaves, and braids, which are in turn mixed with synthetic resins to create the carbon fiber as a composite material. Based on different characteristics carbon fibers can be divided into three principals groups: according to carbon fiber tensile modulus, according to precursor fiber materials, and according to final heat
The Structure and Function of Carbohydrates Large biological molecules are called macromolecules, there are giant molecules (polymers) made up of repeating units (monomers). Carbohydrates are one of the main classes of biological molecules. Macromolecule units (monomers) are joined together by condensation reactions and hydrolysis reactions split macromolecules down into their individual units. Carbohydrates are molecules that contain elements of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Carbohydrates have a 2:1 hydrogen to oxygen ratio, there are twice as many hydrogen atoms as oxygen atoms (the same proportion as in water).
Genetics relies on chemistry to explain phenomena related to the field. The structure of DNA relies on chemistry. In fact, when James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the structure of DNA, they did so by building models based on the laws of chemistry. Chemistry also relates heavily to the structure and function of one of the main products of DNA: protein.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a key global warming gas that is proposed to have direct linkage to global climate changes [1, 2]. Therefore, there is a growing interest in developing technologies for efficient capture and sequestration of large quantities of CO2. An efficient and economical capture material is needed to capture and separate the CO2 produced during various industrial processes. There are four potential sources of carbon dioxide emission; industrial processes, fossil fueled power plants, de-carbonization (production of hydrogen from carbon rich feed stock), and transportation [3]. Among the carbon dioxide emission sources, fossil fueled power plants are ranked the number one potential source. Fossil fuels provide 81 percent of the world’s commercial energy supply [4]. Consumption of fossil fuels produces nearly 30 Pg (petagram) of carbon dioxide annually. About three-fourths of the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide is attributed to burning of fossil fuels [5].
There are lots of natural processes constantly happening all around us, these processes are often linked by passing one type of atom to the next process which passes the same atom to the next one and so on. This ‘passing of the atom’ along a chain of processes is called a cycle, the series of processes in which the carbon atom goes through is called the carbon cycle. Each Carbon is the fourth most affluent element in the universe and is an important part of most molecules that make up most of the world’s natural resources and organic matter, which is why the carbon cycle is one of the most important cycles on earth. Through-out the cycle, carbon can become several different forms such as sugar, oil, diamond and marble. Processes such as photosynthesis, combustion and the compression of the earth play key roles in changing, containing and releasing carbon. All the chemical reactions and processes and forms carbon creates are part of the carbon cycle, which is one of the most important cycle on earth. The majority of carbon on earth is in the atmosphere the rest is stored in rocks, fossil fuels, oceans, plants and soil. Carbon is constantly being added to the atmosphere, the most common forms being carbon dioxide and methane gas. At the same time it’s being removed by plants on land and in the oceans. Carbon can be stored for hundreds of years in sediment, fossil fuels, rocks and the ocean. The carbon in the atmosphere is almost always a compound called carbon dioxide.
Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are important in the cycle of energy to withstand life as we define it. Cellular respiration and photosynthesis have several stages in where the making of energy occurs, and have diverse relationships with organelles within the eukaryotic cell. These processes are central in how life has evolved.
The term macromolecules is sometimes used to refer to aggregates of two or more macromolecules held together by intermolecular forces rather then by chemical bonds. Another common macromolecule property that does not characterize smaller molecules is the need for assistance in dissolving into solution. Many require salts or particular ions to dissolve in water. Cells can combine small molecules into large macromolecules, forming a higher level in the biological hierarchy. Macromolecules are polymers, chains of identical or similar subunit molecules called monomers. Although there is a limited number of monomers common to all organisms, each organism is unique because of the specific arrangement of there monomers into polymers with distinctive structures and properties. Monomers of all four classes of macromolecules form larger molecules by a number of different methods for example, dehydration and synthesis, a chemical reaction in which one monomers donates a hydrolysis. In this way large molecules in food are digested into monomers small enough to enter our cells.
Carbon improves harden ability, strength, hardness, and wear resistance; it reduces ductility, weldability, and toughness.
C14 is the radioactive isotope of rearular carbon, c12. The cocentration of C14 in the body is one billionth of a gram in the body to one gram of C12. This C14 is contantly decaying, but through animals and plants breathing it is replenashed when an organism is alive. When the animal dies the C14 intake stops and a decay that is not replenashed.(Comas 456) During life an organism have a specific activity of 15.6 disintigrations per minuate per gram of regular carbon in thier body.(Comas 456) “
Carbon Carbon is one of the basic elements of matter (Bush 1230-1231). The name carbon comes from the Latin word "carbo" meaning charcoal. Carbon is the sixth most abundant element (Gangson). More than 1,000,000 compounds are made from carbon (Carbon (C)). "The Element Carbon is defined as a naturally abundant non-metallic element that occurs in many inorganic and in all organic compounds, exists freely as graphite and diamond and as a constituent of coal, limestone, and petroleum, and is capable of chemical self-bonding to form an enormous number of chemically, biologically, and commercially important molecules.
Carbon Dioxide is a colorless, odorless gas that occurs in small quantities in the earth's atmosphere naturally. The earth's ocean, soil, plants and animals release CO2. The formula of Carbon Dioxide is CO2. The CO2 molecule contains 2 oxygen atoms that each share 2 electrons with a carbon atom to form 2 carbon - oxygen double bonds. The atoms are arranged as so (OHT). This is called a 'linear molecule'.
Carbohydrates For my health project, I did carbohydrates. They are the bodies energy source. Carbohydrates supply the body with the energy it needs to function. They are found almost exclusively in plant foods, such as fruits, vegetables, peas, and beans.
The carbon cycle is known as an essential part in life itself. Although carbon is limited on earth Its constant cycle allows it to be set in different places and forms. The reactions that move carbon around make up a giant web called the carbon cycle. The carbon cycle can be defined as the continuous biological process through which the carbon is exchanged between the environment and the organisms. Carbon specifically, is a major attribute of the Biogeochemistry of the planet ,as it is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the Earth. Carbon is the only element other than Silicon to form long continuous chains, as It is a nonmetallic tetravalent. however, silicon having weaker inter molecular forces
Six elements are needed to create life. Almost every organic matter can be summarized symbolically in these six different elements: carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S). One also says that life can be explained by the formula CHNOPS. These are the main characters in the creation of life chemically.