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Medicalization of pregnancy and childbirth
Essays on infant mortality rate in USA
Essays on infant mortality rate in USA
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Recommended: Medicalization of pregnancy and childbirth
The United States boasts one of the highest infant mortality rates in the developed world, ranking 56 next to bordering countries such as Bosnia and Lativa (CIA, 2017). In addition, Infant mortality rates and poor pregnancy outcomes in the United States ranks akin to third world countries (CIA, 2017), suggesting how the medicalization of pregnancy (and the culture and economy it has generated) has attributed to poor pregnancy outcomes in a first world nation (Fordyce, 2013).
Birth culture has always been subjective to its geographic location, even Canada whose birthing outcomes are only slightly higher than the United States implements a higher use of Midwives, home-births, and boast a vibrant birthing culture (Luxen, 2015). For America; however, the process is considerably sterile. Most pregnant women are seen by their medical physician who specializes in obstetrics, or a nurse midwife, whom they see throughout their pregnancy.
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It is the most common surgical operation performed in the United States (Menacker & Hamilton, 2010) in addition to being the most common procedure performed for non-emergent purposes (Likis, 2012). Most cesarean deliveries are performed because a pregnancy is taking too long or as a result of Pitocin, a medication used to induce labor naturally (Likis, 2012). But why? In terms of monetary gain, physicians and hospitals are paid more for cesarean deliveries than natural birth (Childbirth Connection, 2012). They are also time effective for staff who need to proceed with additional birthing mother (Likis, 2012). However, birth is not a time-efficient process and the cost of inducing labor or performing unwarranted cesarean sections come with considerable cost. The following outcomes have been proven side effects of cesarean
The disparities may be attributed to the amount of prenatal care that pregnant women of different ethnicities receive. In 1996, 81.8% of all women in the nation received prenatal care in the first trimester--the m...
Statistics show the impact that preemies are causing as the rate of preterm birth increases every day. Any part of the world is affected no matter how advanced they are in technology. “One of every eight infants born in the United States is premature babies” (Medline Plus). These statistics are extremely high, however people can change it by getting involved in the community and helping preemies have a less chance to lose in their battle for life. In 2003; 499,008 infants were born prematurely (National Center for Health Statistics). The rates of preterm births have increased over the years. "In 1995: 11.0% of live births were born preterm, In 2006: 12.8% of live births were born preterm"(March of Dimes-Peristats). As the numbers keep increasing, many families are suffering and losing hope for they’re babies. African American women have the highest rate of preterm birth in 2004 with a 17.6% (Reedy, 2007). These statistics demonstrate the high frequenc...
First, I will give out some statistics of infant mortality rates in America. According to an Amnesty International report, two maternal deaths occur every day for African-American women. Even though 99% of birth-related deaths happen in developing countries, these numbers for African American women in a country with world renowned health facilities are discouraging.
Berk conveys that while doctors are present during some home births, most are attended “…by certified nurse-midwives who have degrees in nursing and additional training in childbirth management” (CITATION). There are risks associated with childbirth, regardless of the setting. For women who are healthy, have not experienced issues during their pregnancies, and have not experienced issues with previous pregnancies, and are attended by a medical professional, home births can be just as safe as hospital births. Homebirths can also be more relaxing because the mother can move about more freely and has more control over the birthing experience than generally permitted during a hospital birth. Complications can arise during home births just as they can during a hospital birth. Therefore, it is wise to have a plan in place for transportation to the hospital if needed. There are numerous advantages to home births which include freedom of movement, more control over the birthing experience, decreased unnecessary medical interventions, and faster recovery. Disadvantages to homebirths include that a doctor is not likely to be quickly
In recent years, the number of home births in the U.S. has increased. Although fewer than 1% of births in the United States occur at home, the rate is much higher in other countries, such as 30% in the Netherlands (Ecker and Minkoff, 2011). Internationally, a majority of births take place in the home, with up to 80-95% in certain Asian and African countries (Fullerton et al., 2007). Unfortunately, the topic of home birth is divided between midwives and obstetricians. Based on the provider’s training, some midwives are prone to recommend home births, while obstetricians are against it. A majority of the debate concerns the importance of transportation from home to a birth center or hospital during birth, as well
Induction of labor comes with many risks. According to Moore & Low (2012), when patients opt to induce their labor,
According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [Office on Women’s Health] (2009), “Babies of mothers who do not get prenatal care are three times more likely to have a low birthweight and five times more likely to die than those born to mothers who do get care” (p. 1). Prenatal care in the U.S. began as a preventive measure against preeclampsia, which at the time included program visits by physicians who conducted physicals, history, and risk assessments. Over the years, prenatal care has changed its focus to low birthweight and other preventive illnesses in an attempt to reduce the rate of infant mortality. Increased use of prenatal care has shown a decline in the rates of birthweight-related mortality and other preventable medical diseases such as post-partum depression and infant injuries.
Talashek, M. L., Alba, M. L., & Patel, A. (2006). Untangling the Health Disparities of Pregnancy. Journal of Pediatric Nurses. 11:14 - 27
The elimination of elective delivery before 39 weeks of pregnancy without a clear medical indication was one noteworthy improvement as a result of the National Summit. Unnecessary elective deliveries place both mothers and babies at increased risk for complications and are not endorsed by American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, American Academy of Pediatrics, March of Dimes, or the Joint Commission (Chassin, 2013). According to Chassin (2013) the elimination of overuse could possibly be the most cost-effective way to improve the quality
The timing of prenatal care of most Mexican-origin women is relatively late compared to the pregnant from other races and a lot of Mexican pregnant have not received ideal medical care. Because they encounter complex barriers. Sherradel and Barrera point out lack of English language proficiency, and low educational levels affected the women's utilization of care, the quality of care received. “Many providers and other staff did not speak Spanish or have translators available.” (Sheeradenl 344) Second, Medical prenatal care was not considered by all of the women to be the most important part of pregnancy care. Moreover, some women expressed anxiety about some medical procedures. In Betancourt’s article, he also studies on the barriers of prenatal services for Mexican immigrant women. Most women have experienced terrible prenatal process and some of them have received an abortion because of lack of knowledge about sexual and reproductive health and structural barriers. Both of them
Cesarean birthing method can be voluntary as well as involuntary. When a cesarean is chosen in advance it is usually because the mother has a history of infection, which could be transmitted to the baby when it is delivered through the birth canal; the mother has severe to...
Throughout the modern days, the way of giving birth has changed in many ways. Back in the days, there weren 't many options for women to decide where to give birth. The only option they had was home birth. Over the centuries the way of delivering a baby has changed from a midwife to a more professional person. Today women have the option to give birth at home, a hospital, birth centers, and water birth. The most common place where women mostly give birth is in a hospital.
Two of those include delivery at a hospital or at a birth center. Hospitals deliveries can vary from traditional hospital births with a separate labor room, delivery room, and after birth room to a family-centered care hospital where labor, delivery, and recovery are all in the same room and the baby stays with the mother most of the time (KidsHealth, 2016). Depending on the hospital, a certified nurse-midwife may be an option for those who choose to go that route. A benefit of having a baby in the hospital is, should anything go wrong, it is well equipped with doctors, staff, and supplies to support that situation. A downside could be giving birth in an environment that is not necessarily warm and inviting. A birth center can provide an environment that is more comfortable and the woman can eat, drink, and move around as she wishes (KidsHealth, 2016). Birth centers may have a nurse, midwife, or doula but usually no doctor. Usually women who are considered low risk, in good health (no gestational diabetes or high blood pressure), and have a baby who is not in breech position are good candidates for a birth center (KidsHealth, 2016). Birth centers offer private rooms with whirlpool tubs. They have medical equipment available and mild narcotics for pain. If a woman wants an epidural, she must go to the hospital since birth centers do not administer them. It is important to look at what a hospital and birth center can and cannot offer when deciding where one would be most comfortable giving
Maternal health aims in achieving the highest quality of life for women throughout their childbearing years. Maternal mortality rate, according to our book, is the death of a woman during pregnancy and/or 48 hours post-pregnancy. Based on our book, the U.S. maternal mortality rate is 9.1 deaths per 100,000 live births. Consequently, the U.S. falls behind compared to other industrialized nations. In fact, the surprising information was that black women were four times more likely to die from pregnancy than their white female counterparts. This is troublesome for our community because 3.0 percent of mothers in El Paso did not receive any prenatal care, according to the Healthy Paso del Norte Report in 2013. Health disparities like these can and should be prevented. I believe women should have access to health care, including preconception and prenatal health care. Furthermore, this would decreases preterm births and low-birth-weight babies. In addition, this would reduce long-term and several health complications throughout future pregnancies, infancy and child
Pregnancy is a beautiful part of life for most women. When thinking of pregnancy amongst different cultures, one might think that all women go through similar experiences. When deciding what culture to compare, I selected Norway, which is considered one of the best places to give birth in the world. My other choice is Democratic Republic of Congo, which is considered one of the most challenging locations in the world to give birth. In this paper, I will discuss the difference between the one of the highest rated and one of the lowest rated countries to cope with pregnancy and the entire experience of birth.