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Merits and demerits of record keeping
An essay about record keeping
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The artifact record keeping strategies and practices of archaeologists and excavators can be compared to modern day bookkeeping as every artifact has to be journalized and posted to some sort of a ledger as every transaction in accounting has to be analyzed, then journalized and posted to a ledger. Classical strategies of recordkeeping The records in the ancient Greece were kept basing on the time, use and the duration which it was expected to last. For instance, if the document was meant for a wider audience, the secretary could instruct the stone mason to carve the information on a stone tablet. The wood and papyrus documents served a different purpose as compared to stone. Since they were perishable in nature, they only served a short-term …show more content…
These documents were kept in an organized manner in archives with labels that could identify each item. It could, therefore, give the archivist an easy time in tracing a document (Buchanan, 2012). Record keeping practices in the ancient Greece In the past, Athenians used to display information on a large rectangular slab of marble. The oldest document of this nature dates from the late sixth century. However, the practice of inscribing official texts became familiar in the middle of the fifth century. Since that time, this type of documents increased tremendously. Honorary degrees were among the writings that the Athenians rewarded some individuals (usually foreigners) for rendering a specified service to them. Treaties that were governing Athenian relations with foreign states were also common. Athenians also kept some financial documents which were recorded on stones. The accounts of the construction of temples during the fifth century were published since they were annual inventories of dedications and sacred objects kept in the temple and sanctuaries of the gods of Athenians. Previous researchers indicate that stone documents were copies of other original records housed in archival collections (Buchanan,
The second question frequently asked regarding Schliemann’s legacy examines his motives and skill as an excavator: was Heinrich Schliemann a good archaeologist? This question has two sides. First, did Schliemann use the best techniques and technology available to him at time of his first excavation? Second, did he have the same values that other archaeologists have?
To identify the specific type, functions and time period of the artifacts, various archaeology books, reports, and journal were referred. The interpretation was then conducted by dividing the artifacts into different area on the map and investigating their relationships.
In these documents there are elements that are the same and as well there are some parts that will be complete opposites of one another. For that purpose it should be pointed out why and what makes these aspects of the said documents which will help us understand the times they were written in. The first of the documents to go over will be the Athenian constitution as it has numerous references to who holds office and why, for an example in part five section 43 it states how someone can hold office and who can at that, along with how and who votes them into office; “All the magistrates that are concerned with the ordinary routine of administration are elected by lot, except the Military Treasurer, the Commissioners of the Theoric fund, and the Superintendent of
What is an artifact? According to the dictionary, an artifact is “something made or given shape by man, such as a tool or a work of art, especially an object of archaeological interest” ("The Definition of Artifact"). In archaeology, the word “artifact” defines an object recovered by archaeological attempt, which might have a cultural attention. In the same way, the article “The Life of An Artifact” written by Michael Shanks mainly discusses some of the key points of interpretive archaeology and the relations between social sciences and material culture. The author believes that material culture plays an active role in society, and that the society is built upon the presence of artifacts. He emphasizes that “artifacts
As stated previously, the secretary is unknown, thus who engraved the tablet is uncertain. Nonetheless, as the list went through several steps before being engraved and was, for all intents and purposes, a legal document, it is highly unlikely to contain any bias. As well, it is improbable that it was falsified at any stage as there was nothing to gain from this and in the context of the tablet, bribery would have been senseless. Although it is doubtful, if the function of the tablet was truly to show the power of Athens, then the numbers could have potentially been increased. Nevertheless, it can be argued that the tablet is not in fact dependable, as it is very limited in the sense of restoration. The First Athenian Tribute Quota-List, 454/3, IG I3 259, was discovered in extremely damaged pieces. Due to different forms of ruin, much of the writing was worn beyond legibility. However, deep features not visible to the naked eye that were caused by the act of engraving have been detected with the use of technology. Moreover, segments that had an apparent connection were placed together. Then a more intact version of the tablet was made in order to get a better sense of what the full tablet looked like. Even so, numerous gaps were still left for modern scholars to fill in. In the first section of the passage from The First Athenian Tribute Quota-List, 454/3, IG I3 259, only
The ruins and the scrolls were dated by the carbon method and found to be from the third century which made them the oldest surviving biblical manuscript by at least 1000 years. Since the first discoveries archaeologists have found over 800 scrolls and scroll fragments in 11 different caves in the surrounding area. In fact, there are about 100,000 fragments found in all, most of which were written on goat skin and sheep skin. A few were on papyrus, a plant used to make paper, but one scroll was engraved on copper sheeting telling of sixty buried treasure sites. Because the scrolls containing the directions to the treasures is unable to be fully unrolled, the treasures have not been found yet. In all, the texts of the scrolls were remarkable. They contained unknown psalms, Bible commentary, calendar text, mystical texts, apocalyptic texts, liturgical texts, purity laws , bible stories, and fragments of every book in the Old Testament except that of Esther, including a imaginative paraphrase of the Book of Genesis. Also found were texts, in the original languages, of several books of the Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha. These texts, none of which was included in the Hebrew canon of the Bible, are Tobit, ...
...ity in Classical Athens. New York, NY: Alexander S. Onassis Public Benefit Foundation (USA) in Collaboration with the National Archaeological Museum, Athens, 2008. Print.
The records collected had to be, of course, of national and historical significance. For the most part these records were on paper, especially in the beginning years. As such, documents began appearing in diversified media later on, they were collected with the same amount of dedication and importance. (p.193)
GREECE & ROME. Archaeology [serial online]. November 1987;40(6):18. Available from: Academic Search Complete, Ipswich, MA. Accessed December 22, 2011.
Greek legacies are their governmental systems, culture and arts, and science and technology. Classical Greece was a time where the growth of a community held strong through times of plague, wars, and numerous breakthroughs.
...anges which occurred over a period of time and why these changes occurred but who was responsible for them. Archaeological findings are essential especially when there is a lack of written primary sources. The most common findings in this field include; cave art, pottery, and weaponry used for both hunting and fighting. In later cases of archaeological excavations written evidence was well provided and artifacts recovered at the site were used as an aid in studying a particular culture. Moreover, it is quite obvious that all of the following elements pertaining to archaeology have positively contributed to our further understanding of human culture in previous centuries. Discoveries by archeologists not only give us significant insight into our past but they also give us essential information necessary for a comprehensive understanding of our present and our future.
According to Elizabeth Shepherd in journal “Why are Records in public sector organizational assets?” stated that record is recorded evidence of an activity that is of an action undertaken by an individual or a work group in the course of their business, which results in a definable outcome. A record is not defined by its physical form, its age, or the fact that it contains information. Its important characteristic is that it provides evidence of some specific activity. Activities may be carried out by people or may be largely or wholly programmed. She also stated that records can exist in any medium and in many forms, including documentary, databases, photographs, audio visual.
According to the literature available knowledge management practices have been in existences in societies for several centuries (Ives, Torrey, and Gordon, 1998). Ives, Torrey, and Gordon cite the palace archives of Sumer and Akkad and the cuneiform archives at Elba, Syria, which date back 4,000 years, as one of the earlier attempts to capture and store valuable knowledge for future generations in the history of mankind. They also refer to the Library of Alexandria in Egypt (Third Century BC) as an example of human efforts to preserve valuable knowledge. This library included over 500,000 hand-written works that were copied and distributed throughout the world (Ives, Torrey, & Gordon, 1998).
The first samples of what we called “writing” were believed to be actual records of transactions from more than 5,000 years ago. Many scholars considered that accounting systems were in use which had counterparts for our modern ledgers and receipts. Even the ancient Egyptians had a far more sophisticated system of accounting because of their advanced systems of distribution. Their system demanded quantities of different commodities to be stored in warehouses and disbursed (as required) over time. They often updated their goods and what had been consumed; One set of scribes would record the amounts that were brought into the warehouse while the other set of scribes would record any outward movements. A third set of scribes that functioned as auditors, would compare both sets of records and check with the quantities remaining in the warehouses. This system was made clear that the Pharaoh wasn’t being cheated in the transactions that were carried out. Rulers during that time also required accounting records to be collected for tax purposes.
Ancient Greece developed the idea of school systems around mid seventh century B.C., one century after writing was introduced (Handbook: Greece 253), however, it was not until the Hellenistic age that these schools were founded or maintained by the city (Devambez 404). Before the Hell...