The term "grotesque" in art and literature, commonly refers
to the juxtaposition of extreme contrasts such as horror and
humor, or beauty and monstrosity, or desire and revulsion. One
function of this juxtaposition of the rational and the irrational
is to subdue or normalize the unknown, and thereby control it.
The simultaneity of mutually exclusive emotional states, and the
discomfort it might cause, inspires a Freudian analytic critical
approach because of its focus on controlling repressed desires
through therapeutic rationality.
There are volumes of Freudian art criticism, which typically
begin by calling attention to manifestations, in some work of
art, of the darkest desires of the id. Perhaps in no field of
art criticism does Freud's name appear more frequently than in
surrealism, and for various reasons, the grotesque figures very
strongly in that art movement. From the association of
surrealist art and Freud, we can derive a cursory understanding
of the grotesque in this breed of Modernist art: the grotesque
appears as an image, the content of which might traditionally be
repressed, but instead, it is expressed within the controlled
confines of a work of art. The psychoanalytic critic will focus
on the simultaneous attraction to and repulsion from the dream-
like imagery on the surrealist canvas. Yet, this does not
consider the surrealist notion of art as a liberation of the
subconscious, nor does such analysis adequately incorporate the
surrealist goal of political revolution. Instead, it reduces
surrealist art criticism to the interpretation of dreams. This
Freudian view becomes too limiting of our understanding of
surrealism, the grotesque, and perhaps even of ourselves...
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...d Practice of Dream Interpretation." in Freud:
Therapy and Technique. ed. Philip Rieff. New York: Collier
Press, 1963. pp. 205-235.
Heidegger, Martin. "What is Metaphysics?" in Basic Writings, ed.
David Farrell Krell. New York: Harper & Row, 1977.
Plank, William. Sartre and Surrealism. Ann Arbor: Univeristy of
Michigan Research Press, 1972.
Sartre, Jean-Paul. Nausea. trans. Lloyd Alexander. New York: New
Directions, 1964.
------- The Psychology of Imagination. trans. Bernard Frechtman.
New York: Washington Square Press, 1966.
------- The Writings of Jean-Paul Sartre: A Bibliographic Life
Chicago: Northwestern University Press. Interview with
Claudine Chonez in Marianne, Dec. 7, 1938.
------- "What is Literature?" and Other Essays. Trans. Steven
Ungar. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988.
Throughout all of Flannery O’Connor’s work, there are three dominant themes that show themselves: Christianity, irony, and grotesqueness. In nearly every story of hers, O’Connor is able to make a tragic story very grotesque in the way that she describes the events and characters of her story. [add more to introduction]
“The Globalization of Eating Disorders.” The McGraw-Hill Reader. Muller, Gilbert H. 12th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2014. 639-642. Print.
Soh, N., & Walter, G. (2013). Publications on cross-cultural aspects of eating disorders. Journal of Eating Disorders , 1(4), doi: 10.1186/2050-2974-1-4
Events of the time had led to a near breakthrough to bring the dead to
Eating disorders have been a part of the world’s culture ever since people began recording history. These disorders were first recorded in Egypt, where the Egyptians would partake in a monthly purge that would last anywhere from an hour to as long as two weeks. The Egyptians thought the purge showed their gods how faithful they were to them, and would often purge weekly if they had thought they had done something to displease the gods (Epstein 33). Though there are many individual specialized eating disorder conditions, three main disorders affect the majority of society today. These three disorders are anorexia n...
I believe that his request should have been honored because even though the church is nondenominational it is still church. In that case it means he is still gaining some type of religious knowledge. I am sure that just like anyone he is strong in his beliefs. The employers took a Utilitarianism approach by making it mandatory for the employees to attend. This means that they were looking at making attending church a win-win situation for everyone. I think that having to attend church is something that should have been approached in the interview. If the employers approached it that way then they would have known that not all of their employees were religious, or into religion. Even if it was placed in the handbook everyone does not always read the handbooks.
Since the 1700’s forms of the death penalty have been used for one reason or another, but today some disagree with this judicial practice. The death penalty is the ultimate punishment imposed for murder or other capital offenses, and in Alabama a capital offense is murder with eighteen aggravating factors. In 1972 the Supreme Court moved away from abolition, holding that “the punishment of death does not invariably violate the constitution” (Bedau, Case against 2). Since 1900, in this country, there have been on the average more than four cases each year in which an entirely innocent person was convicted of murder (Bedau 7) and because of these startling numbers people are against capital punishment. It is a horrible reality to convict an innocent person of a crime and even worse to put this person on death row. There are even more horrific stories, like the one of Roger Keith Coleman, who was executed in Virginia despite widely pu...
Modernism was a widespread change that took place in the late 19th century that continued throughout the early 20th century. This changed the scientific discovery, political philosophies, industrialization, and the growth of urban centers. During this time art was filled with many new and different ideas and styles, which include painting, sculpture, and so much more. This allowed artists to be free to express their emotion in what they want to do within their artwork. In Paris this launched the movement called Impressionism. Impressionist techniques independently, each artist using short or broken brush strokes that barely take forms, unblended colors, and shadows and highlights of light. Its founding members included Edgar Degas, Vincent Van Gogh, and Auguste Renoir, among many other artists. Their work is acknowledged today for its modernity, which embodied its rejection styles of new ideas that illustrate modern life.
One of the most repetitive and controversial topics discussed in the criminal justice system, is the death penalty. Capital punishment has been a part of our nation’s history since the creation of our constitution. In fact, as of January 1st, 2016, 2,943 inmates were awaiting their fate on death row (Death Penalty Information Center). Throughout my life, I have always been a strong advocate for the death penalty. During the majority of my undergraduate degree, I was a fierce supporter of capital punishment when discussing the topic in classes. However, throughout many criminal justice courses, I found myself in the minority, regarding the abolishment of the death penalty. While debating this topic, I would always find myself sympathetic to the victims and their families, as one should be, wanting those who were responsible for heinous crimes to
Although a great deal of early research on body image and eating disorders focused on upper/middle class Caucasians living in America or under the influence of Western ideals, many researchers are realizing that eating disorders are not isolated to this particular group. They are also realizing the differences in body image between occur in different races and genders (Pate, Pumariega, Hester 1992). Recently, several studies have shown that eating disorders transcend these specific guidelines, and increasingly, researchers are looking at male/female differences, cross-cultural variation and variation within cultures as well. It is impossible to broach the concept of body image without including the general sentiment of the population being studied as it changes from society to society. Americans, Blacks and Asians have been the focus of a significant amount of research on the cultural attributions of eating disorders and differences in body image between cultures.
Capital punishment is the most severe sentence imposed in the United States and is legal in thirty-eight states. The death penalty is a controversial subject, especially because the U.S. is the only western democracy to retain this consequence (Scheb, 518). I personally believe that the death penalty is a valid sentence for those who deserve it. Some believe it is not constitutional, but those who face this penalty are clearly suspect of a savage offense and therefore should be at a loss of certain rights. The arguments don’t end there once one considers that “the controversy over capital punishment becomes more heated when special circumstances arise” (Sternberg, 2). This issue brings up more arguments against the death penalty because of the constitutionally protected ban on cruel and unusual punishment which is protected by the Eighth Amendment. There have been nearly 15,000 executions that have taken place in America, the first in 1608 with the death of Captain George Kendall (Siegel, 410). Most of these were sentenced to death because of their own action of killing others. However, more and more crimes are now able to be punishable by death. This is the result of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, which “dramatically increased the number of federal crimes eligible for this sentence” (Scheb, 520). Even so, the federal government has yet to put someone on death row for a non-homicidal case. The arguments for and against capital punishment are lengthy and strictly opinionated, but are also important to see the evolution of our society as the majority view changes and new influences come about.
During the transition from the nineteenth to the twentieth century, a psychologist named Sigmund Freud welcomed the new age with his socially unacceptable yet undoubtedly intriguing ideologies; one of many was his Psychoanalytic Theory of Dreams. Freud believed that dreams are the gateway into a person’s unconscious mind and repressed desires. He was also determined to prove his theory and the structure, mechanism, and symbolism behind it through a study of his patients’ as well as his own dreams. He contended that all dreams had meaning and were the representation of a person’s repressed wish. While the weaknesses of his theory allowed many people to deem it as merely wishful thinking, he was a brilliant man, and his theory on dreams also had many strengths. Freud’s theories of the unconscious mind enabled him to go down in history as the prominent creator of Psychoanalysis.
Surrealism and the surrealist movement is a ‘cultural’ movement that began around 1920’s, and is best known for its visual art works and writings. According to André Berton, the aim was “to resolve the previously contradictory conditions of dream and reality into an absolute reality, a super-reality” (Breton 1969:14). Surrealists incorporated “elements of surprise, unexpected juxtapositions and ‘non sequitur”. Hence, creating unnerving, illogical paintings with photographic precision, which created strange creatures or settings from everyday real objects and developed advanced painting techniques, which allowed the unconscious to be expressed by the self (Martin 1987:26; Pass 2011:30).
Williams (2010) stated that “religion is less apparent at times, but is by no means absent” (p. 258). Organizational employees and leaders must pay particular attention to small clues about an employee’s faith and/or religion. These clues can come in the form of pictures, poems, and décor within their workspace to gain an understanding of other’s religion. Williams (2010) stated that work is not a place known to welcome religion but none the less employees enter the workplace with their beliefs, values, and practices with them. Jenny’s religious preferences should be understood and respected by all employees and leaders. Jenny’s non-support of the Sunday softball games should not bring negativism towards her within the workplace. In this paper why people are treated badly, what mangers should do, and impacts of negative treatment will be explored.. Why would people in Jenny’s workplace not understand her religious convictions?
The issue at hand must be addressed, and the programs that attempt to correct the current state of religious tolerance aren’t working well enough. These programs attempt to promote religious tolerance through diversification and education. University programs attempt to subject people to more belief systems than ever before, and public schools teach students the beliefs and practices of religions new, old, and unfamiliar. This sort of constructive action definitely helps to reduce the insecurities that religious diversity creates, but it still only magnifies the differences between those who practice separate religions. It may improve relations for some, but for others it may have a negative effect. The true solution to the problem is to promote a philosophy that allows people to maintain their faith and simul...