of Substitution Reactions with Alcoholic Compounds Adam Schroeder, Jessica Vecera, Brandon Guth Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, IUPUI, 402 N. Blackford St., Indianapolis, IN 46202 Three different substitution reactions were completed using different alcoholic compounds. Substitution reactions can either be Sn1 or Sn2 depending on the reactive properties of the reactants and catalysts. The reactive properties are also dependent upon the shape and whether the substitution happens
formed as a result of substitution reactions, and whether the reaction used an SN1 or SN2 mechanism. The structure of the starting alcohol determined the mechanistic pathway of the substitution reaction. Reaction 1 involved the substitution of a primary alcohol which produced one primary alkyl-halide via SN2 reaction. Reactions 2 and 3 began with a secondary alcohol, forming two products as the result of direct substitution and/or a hydride shift, via SN1 reaction. Reaction 2 formed two secondary
means that it has a tendency to attract a bonding pair of electrons. So at OH-, the alcohol would be more polar as the oxygen attracts the boiling point, the colour, solubility, etc. this is due to bonding. b) What happens in a nucleophilic substitution reaction is that the nucleophiles attack the carbons of a carbon-halogen bond. Once the nucleophile attacks the carbon, it takes over the carbons position, causing them to switch. This is caused by the electron pairs on the nucleophiles is attracted
Why does Benzene undergo only electrophilic substitution reactions? This property can be attributed to the remarkable stability of Benzene, due to the 6 delocalised electrons forming a ᴨ cloud of electrons. Instead of the electrons forming three stationary C==C bonds, they form a delocalized ring which gives benzene greater stability, and this is seen in the enthalpy change when breaking the delocalized ring of electrons in benzene. Comparing the structures of benzene and 1, 3,
hydroxymethylation in a nucleophilic substitution reaction to yield compound (4). This is then treated with acetic acid anhydride in a redox reaction to yield the ester derivative (5). Compound 5 is then treated with a base to form the corresponding alcohol (6). The hydroxyl group of compound 6 is then displaced in a substitution reaction with a chloride using thionyl chloride to give 2-chloromethy... ... middle of paper ... ...d 8 in Section I of the Synthesis Reaction The functional groups that where
Cryptology played a crucial role during WWII and after cryptology really became a modern use of technology, but the real story is where cryptology actually had its beginnings. In order to truly understand cryptology and its purpose we must go back thousands of years ago to its first beginnings in Ancient Egypt and discover how cryptology rose to its infamous aid of the Second World War. Approximately four thousand years ago in Menet Khufu, a small village in Ancient Egyptian, the beginnings of an
You have probably used ciphers when you were young with friends and did not even realize. Keeping secrets from people that wanted to know the secrets you had. Ciphers have been around for thousands of years. To cipher something is to hide the specific meaning of messages, but not the message existence. The need to hide messages has been with us ever since we moved out of caves way back then. Most of the earliest forms of ciphers we have records of have been mostly recovered from Egypt, Greece and
monohalogenated. In this experiment it is to be predicted in which order the reaction substitution(s) will occur and the reactivity order of each of the benzene compounds. The product will then be analyzed and identified by recrystalling and comparing the melting point of isolated product to literature values. Electrophilic aromatic substitution (EAS) is the introduction of a functional group to a benzene ring. In the reaction, a
and study of the reaction rates of chemical reactions. These reaction rates involve the pace or rate at which a reaction progresses. Many specific conditions can affect the reaction rate value; furthermore, the factors include the concentration of the reactants, the polarity of the solvent, and temperature1. The rate of reaction can be determined and studied using a rate law, an equation that correlates the rate with concentrations and a rate constant. This experiment’s reaction involving t-butyl
by another atom that is called “substitution”. When a nucleophile substitution occurs, this is an act of replacement of the leaving group [1]. When substitute happens nucleophile reacts, that is and electron pair donor, while the reaction releases this make electrophile as the receptor [2]. These alkyl halides will be prepare from alcohol while reacting with halides, this mechanism support the substitution of alcohols [3]. A “First order of Nucleophilic substitution” of SN1, a weak nucleophile, which
nucleophile substitution reaction of converting 1-butanol (an alcohol) to 1-bromobutane (an alkyl halide). There are two types of substitution mechanisms that could be used, SN1 and SN2. SN1 mechanisms take place in two steps. The first rate-determining step is the ionization of the molecule. This mechanism is called unimolecular because its rate is only dependent on the concentration of the leaving group. The second step is the fast, exothermic nucleophile addition. In an SN2 reaction the leaving
can give a hint about the mechanisms the reaction underwent. By an atom attaching to either a cis or trans side of a molecule, the production of different isomers occurs. Using stereochemistry, there are clues that can be gathered about the mechanism used. In order for the elimination reaction to occur there are two options, either E2 or E1 pathway. Both of these pathways have characteristics that must be present for the reaction to occur. The E2 reaction need the molecule to have anti-coplanar stereochemistry
SN2 reactions are described as bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reactions that occur in one concerted step without the formation of a carbocation intermediate. These reactions are performed most effectively in polar aprotic solvents such as acetone. The steric hindrance presented in the substrate is considered the most important factor due to the fact that the more steric hindrance there is around the halide, the harder it is for it to leave. The collected data for the SN2 reactions support
Dostoevsky’s Notes from Undergound - Reactions to an Overdeterministic Existence Some of the works cited are missing Dostoevsky presents his Notes from Undergound as the fragmented ramblings of an unnamed narrator. On the surface, the character’s narration appears disjointed and reaches no conclusive end ing until the author intercedes to end the book. However, a close examination of the underground man’s language reveals a progression in his collected ravings. After expressing dissatisfaction
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An investigation of neutralization reactions Aim Question : What is the effect of changing the concentration of an alkali, on the volume of acid needed to neutralise it, when acid is added to it? The plan is to use two acids (Hydrochloric & Sulphuric) and one alkali (Sodium Hydroxide). The reason I need to use two acids is; because the question applies to all acids and alkalis and to just use one of each would not enable me to come to a general conclusion. If there had been more
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