values of the permittivity due to low frequency of soft mode . It may be inferred that at room temperature BaTiO3 exhibits number of advantages over the other ferroelectrics such as a high mechanical strength , resistance to heat (due to positive temperature coefficient restivity , PTCR ) and moisture , presence of ferroelectric properties with in a broad range of temperature (its Curie point is high ≈ 400 K ) and ease of manufacturing . The presence of an abnormally high permittivity in BaTiO3
filters or oscillators and were being used as energy storage devices until a paper was published in 1983 which made people accepted that these could be used as antennas and radiators. The DRA is a resonant antenna, fabricated from a low loss and high-permittivity dielectric ceramic material mounted on a ground plane and fed by a coaxial probe, a slot, a waveguide, or a micro strip line. The size of DRA is inversely proportional to dielectric constant of material and losses in the DRA are also inversely
Photonic band gap materials (PBG), also known as photonic crystals (PC), were formerly introduced as a way to manage the optical properties of certain materials. PBG materials are artificial, dielectrics that have a periodic composition of permittivity. It was discovered that we could not only obtain frequency ranges for materials which light cannot propagate but also ranges in which light can propagate, these frequencies also said to be scale dependent. Diminishing the scale of the elementary
A dielectric material is a substance that is a poor conductor of electricity. If the flow of current between opposite electric charge poles is kept to a minimum while the electrostatic lines of flux are not impeded or interrupted, an electrostatic field can store energy. Most dielectric materials are solid. Examples include porcelain (ceramic), mica, glass, plastics, and the oxides of various metals. Some liquids and gases can serve as good dielectric materials. Dry air is an excellent dielectric
Doppler radar Meteorologists and weather analysts use the Doppler Effect to read weather events. In this case, the fixed transmitter is located at a weather station and the moving object being studied is a storm system. This is what happens: 1. Radio waves are emitted from the transmitter at the weather station at a specific frequency. 2. The waves are large enough to interact with clouds and other atmospheric objects. The waves strike the atmospheric objects and bounce back toward the receiver at
ABSTRACT Tactile sensing is acquiring information via physical contact. Various parameters like pressure, position, temperature, shape, texture etc. can be measured using this. Despite being one of the five most crucial senses by which a being perceives its environment, comparatively not a lot of research has been done in this field with a scope of application in industries, especially robotics. This paper aims at briefly discussing the various techniques used in tactile sensing and then compares
Performance Analysis of an Aperture Coupled Microstrip Stacked Patch Antenna For WLAN Applications Abstarct- In this paper microstrip stacked patch antenna with 10mm air gap using aperture coupling technique at frequency of 5.8 GHz has been discussed. Microstrip antennas suffer from a biggest drawback of narrow bandwidth and this can be improved by a technique called aperture coupling and further by stacking of antennas without increase in surface area of antenna. Without stacking bandwidth
INTRODUCTION What is polymer? The term name of polymer came from ancient greek, poly and mers meaning many parts. Polymer consist a very large molecule comprising hundreds or thousands of atoms formed by successive linking of one or two, occasionally more, types of small molecule in chain or network structures. In Fig 1, this specific molecular structure (chainlike structure) of polymeric materials is responsible for their intriguing mechanical properties. Polymer architecture can vary.
Introduction:- Sodium diclofenac:- Sodium diclofenac (SDF), a sodium salt of 2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)aminophenyl]-acetic acid , is a potent analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic agent in humans, aceclofenac, has also anti-inflammatory activity, and it is metabolized to diclofenac . NSAIDs can cause adverse health effects on humans such as aplastic anemia, gastrointestinal disorders and agranulocytosis and changes in renal function. It is also used for animal medication. This drug is taken
The theremin is an electronic musical instrument that is played using electrical fields. When it was first introduced, people were shocked to see this instrument that could be played without even touching it. The theremin unsually is tuned so that it has a range of three and a half octaves. The theremin's operation is based on the theory of beat frequencies. Two antennas stick out on each side. Usually a vertical antenna is located on the right which controls the pitch. The closer the players hand
The dielectric constant of a material, also called the permittivity of a material is the ability of a material to store electrical energy in the presence of an electric field. Unfortunately, there is a limit on the voltage an insulator can withstand before conducting electricity, that limit is defined as the dielectric
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROSTATIC In this modern world, electrostatic plays an important role in several fields. There are many laws related to electrostatic field, however, there are two fundamental laws, which is Coulomb’s Law and Gauss’s Law. Gauss’s Law can be used to derive Coulomb’s Law, and Coulomb’s Law is also can be used to derive Gauss’s Law. Coulomb’s Law Coulomb's law is a law of physics describing the electrostatic interaction between electrically charged particles. It was studied and first
INTRODUCTION Electromagnetic waves propagate in waves with several measurable characters, namely: wavelength, amplitude and speed frequency. The amplitude is the wave height, whereas the wavelength is the distance between the two peaks. The frequency is the sum waves passing through a single point in a single unit of time. The frequency depends on the speed of wave propagation. hence, the speed of the electromagnetic energy is constant. Electromagnetic energy has a very important role in everyday
In this equation C is the capacitance of the capacitor, κ is the dielectric constant of the insulating material, ε0 is the permittivity of free space, A is the area of the charged plate, and d is the dielectric thickness. This equation was rearranged to C = κε0A(1/d) as a linear line of y = mx + b, in which C = y, 1/d = x, and κε0A = slope(m). (2) F = x/y = lFl x ((δx/IxI) + (δy/lyl))
optical properties which can be adapted to a certain requirement. To make a Negative index metamaterial, NIM, the requirement is that the refractive index, n, should be negative. By building certain shapes of meta-atom the permeability, µ, and permittivity, ԑ, of the metamaterial can in theory be chosen. From a construction point of view there are two branches of metamaterials which are 2D and 3D NIMs, and the construction techniques differ between the two branches. 2D NIMs are metamaterials constructed
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION The upper part of atmosphere above 50 km is of importance to mankind. It acts as a shield to extreme ultraviolet and x-radiations harmful to human life. It also plays an important role in communication and navigation. The regions of atmosphere are defined in terms of ionization, temperature and composition. In terms of ionization, the region extending from 50 to 1000 km above the earth surface is called ionosphere. It consists of weakly ionized gas containing a large number
2.6.2.2 Waveguide Dispersion The effective index varies with wavelength not only due to of material dispersion, but also because varies with . In turn, it varies with wavelengths. These implicit variations of [ ] with gives rise to the second cause for chromatic dispersion, which is term waveguide dispersive [D37]. The total dispersive are combinations of the relative contributions of waveguide dispersion and material dispersion for a conventional single-mode fibers. The zero-dispersive
Introduction Body area networks (BAN) are a form of wireless personal area network (WPAN) and it has recently been accepted as 4th generation mobile communications systems taking the form of human to human networking incorporating wearable sensors and communication. BAN is normally thought of as wireless sensor networks (WSN) however in this paper we try to elaborate on how BAN works. BAN can take various forms, it incorporates the use of sensors which can be found in, on or around the body and it
ABSTRACT A partial differential equation is a differential equation that contain unknown multivariable functions and their partial derivatives while ordinary differential equations contains function of a single variables and their derivatives. Therefore, an ordinary differential equation is a special case of partial differential equation but the behaviour of a solution is quite different. It is much more complicated in the case of partial differential equation because it has more than one independent
ABSTRACT A partial differential equation is a differential equation that contain unknown multivariable functions and their partial derivatives while ordinary differential equations contains function of a single variables and their derivatives. Therefore, an ordinary differential equation is a special case of partial differential equation but the behaviour of a solution is quite different. It is much more complicated in the case of partial differential equation because it has more than one independent