stack on top of each other in a double helix. The backbone of the nucleic acids consists of the interaction between phosphate groups and the hydroxide groups of nucleic acids. These are held together by covalent bonds called phosphodiester bonds. The helix itself is held together by hydrogen bonds. Although h...
Ritalin (Methylphenidate) Optimization Ritalin Pills Abstract: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is currently the dominating psychiatric disorder found in children. The creation of the drug Ritalin based on the molecule Methylphenidate in the early 90’s sparked a widespread use of this psycho stimulant, which still remains as one of the most popular drugs used to counteract the symptoms of ADHD. My ultimate goal in this research project is to design analogs for the drug Ritalin
structure and the way this structure allows water to form hydrogen bonds. Water molecules consist of two hydrogen atom and an oxygen atom, joined by a covalent bond. As the oxygen atom is more electronegative than hydrogen atom, it draws the electrons involved in the covalent bond, towards itself. This result in uneven distribution of electrons throughout the molecule, causing polarity within the molecule as the area around the hydrogen is slightly positive and the area around the oxygen is slightly
the water is an oxygen atom covalently bonded to 2 separate hydrogen ions to fill its outer shell by sharing electrons. However in the oxygen nucleus there are 8 protons but there is only 1 in each hydrogen nucleus. This results in the 2 shared electrons being slightly more attracted to the oxygen nucleus than the hydrogen nuclei. This means that the oxygen end of the molecule has a slightly negative charge (S-) and the 2 hydrogen ends have a slightly positive charge (S+). These molecules now
forms. A molecule of water consists of two hydrogen atoms covalently bound to one atom of oxygen which gives a formula of H2O. When water molecules are close together their positive and negative regions are attracted to the oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules. The force of attraction, shown in the diagram below as a dotted line, is called a hydrogen bond. Each water molecule is hydrogen bonded to four others. It is these hydrogen bonds and the polarity of water molecules which are
as people think it is. Water is formed by the bonding of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. This bond that is being referred to is termed as a polar covalent bond. Polar means having a pair of equal and opposite charges. In this case, that is exactly what is happening. The oxygen atoms are negatively charged, whereas, the hydrogen atoms are positively charged. Water is formed when one atom of oxygen joins with two atoms of hydrogen which causes the ends of water molecules to be contradictory
consists of 2 hydrogen atoms, covalently bonded to an oxygen atom. When discussing what makes water such an important medium for life, I must consider properties, such as its dipolar charge, its ability as a solvent, its thermal properties, its density, its high surface tension and its cohesion. An important feature of water is that it has a dipolar (uneven) charge. This occurs because of the covalent bonds shared between the 2 hydrogens and the oxygen atoms. When these covalent bonds are formed
molecule. Organic molecules like Ethane and many other molecules are non-polar, that is they neither have a positive nor a negative end. As a result, he individual molecules within the water are greatly interconnected because of the presence of weak hydrogen bonds. Water acts as a universal solvent. All the living things are made up of entities, called atoms and molecules, and these entities are inside aqueous solutions that is the solutions containing elements dissolvable in water. Defining solutions,
Hydrogen Bonding Contents Introduction Evidence of Hydrogen Bonding What causes Hydrogen Bond Types of Hydrogen Bonding Intermolecular Hydrogen Bond Intramolecular Hydrogen Bond Hydrogen Bond in Proteins Properties Of Hydrogen Bond Higher Melting And Boiling Point Association Influence On Physical State Solubility Volatility Importance INTRODUCTION In 1920, Latimer and Rosebush introduced the idea of "Hydrogen Bond" to explain the nature of association in liquid
tetrahedral pattern. Because they repel they are as far from each other as possible. The two electrons in each of the oxygen-hydrogen bond are not shared equally. They are more strongly attracted to the oxygen. The bond is polar, it has a 'negative part' (the oxygen) and a 'positive part' (the hydrogen).The hydrogen bond is very weak, about ten times weaker than a single covalent bond. Water has importance inside cells and outside. This may be because of its chemical and physical properties; it
atoms to react with hydrogen atoms of different classifications. The experiment compared aromatic, aliphatic and benzylic hydrogen atoms of primary, secondary, and tertiary classifications. The time it took for the reaction to occur was measured and compared between the different hydrocarbons. This rate of reaction was used to determine the reactivity of the various hydrogen atoms on the hydrocarbons with bromine. Data and Results Toluene, which contained primary benzylic hydrogen atoms, exhibited
This experiment sought to utilize melting point, boiling point, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and the index of hydrogen deficiency (IHD) to identify the structures of two unknown compounds. To ensure the successful identification of the unknowns, the molecular formula for each compound was found first. What the molecular formula does is that it allows chemists to identify elements present in a compound as well as the quantity of each element. The issue with this is that there are various compounds
molecules is made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom covalently bonded to each other. This is to say that the oxygen and hydrogen atoms are bound together by shared electrons. The oxygen atom provides a single electron to both hydrogen atoms to complete hydrogen 's electron outer shell of two while the single electron of each hydrogen atom completes the oxygen 's outer electron shell of 8. Water itself is created when a single water molecule forms a hydrogen bond with up to four other water
percent of the human body. Structure of Water Water is a compound that consists of only two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to one oxygen atom . These parts are considered polar, which means that one type of atom is positively charged and the other is negatively charged . In this case, the hydrogen atoms are positively charged and the oxygen is negatively charged. Because oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, it has a greater pull on the shared electrons. The distinction between
contain carbon, or any compound that contains a carbon atom. But some describe organic compounds as any of a large class of chemical compounds in which one or more atoms of carbon are covalently linked to atoms of other elements, most commonly are hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. But there are a few exceptions to this organic rule, which are carbon monoxide, carbonates, carbon dioxide, cyanides, cyanates, carbides, and thyocyanates, which are all considered inorganic. The term organic compound comes
today. Each water molecule consists of one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms. The oxygen atom (or the apex of the water molecule) bears a slight electronegative charge while hydrogen possesses a more positive one. Because opposite charges attract, the water molecules are drawn together. When an oxygen atom is linked to a neighboring molecule's hydrogen atom, a bond called a hydrogen bond is formed. In an ice crystal the hydrogen bonds to give the shape of the crystal so that the grid of molecules
form hydrogen bonds with each other. Cohesive behavior is what is responsible for surface tension, which is when stress or tension is placed upon a liquid’s surface and it resists rupture. This occurs because water molecules on the surface will form hydrogen bonds with their neighbors, the same as the other water molecules further within the liquid. The molecules on the surface however, since the are exposed to the air on one side will have fewer neighboring water molecules available to bond with
Compounds are materials made from two or more than two elements through a chemical bond. In each compound elements are arranged in a definite shape hence changing their properties from the element. Every compound possesses its own different properties such as weight, melting point, freezing point etc. Types of Compounds: There are two types of important compounds. 1) Ionic Compound: These are the compounds that possess an electric charge in them and are
made from two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom (H20) and that is in a liquid state at room temperature. This is covalent bonding, where two hydrogen atoms share their electron with one oxygen atom. As the oxygen atom has more positively charged protons than the hydrogen is has pulls on the shared electrons more strongly than the hydrogen atoms. The oxygen atom therefore has a slightly negative charge while the hydrogen a slightly positive charge. Therefore because the hydrogen and oxygen
Alkali + Base Salt + Water + Hydrogen This investigation will investigate the reaction of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide where these two liquid compounds neutralise each other. We will be monitoring the temperature of the liquids as more of the hydrochloric acid (HCL) is added. [IMAGE]Sodium Hydroxide + Hydrochloric acid Sodium Chloride + water [IMAGE]NaOH + HCL NaCl + H2O I predict that this reaction will be exothermic as this reaction creates bonds, which will give out heat