carbon source since B stands for Biomass, C for Coal (bituminous or non-bituminous), G for (natural) Gas and W for Waste (petrochemical wastes, worn automobile tires and …) [1-4]. Amongst these routes steam reforming in fixed bed reformers and partial oxidation in auto thermal reactors are more attractive in industrial applications (both related to Gas to Liquid (GTL) process) [5]. Although these processes seem completely different form syngas production point of view but they are almost similar in the
Sintering in Fluidized Bed Processes for cleaner and more efficient energy generation from feed stocks such as coals, lignites, peats, and waste liquors use fluidized beds that are operated at high temperatures and pressures. These processes involve systems that are multi-phase and have complex chemical reactions. Research work has tackled a number of aspects, including mechanical engineering aspects of the reactors, reaction chemistry and products, characterization and physical properties of
Fluidized bed reactors Large volume of fluid could be processed using the fluidized-bed reactors. It is mainly utilized for catalytic cracking of petroleum napthas in petroleum refining technology. When the small solid particles are suspended in the upward direction, fluidization begins. Nowadays its importance is utilized in wastewater treatment too (Yen and Yu, 1966). When a gas or a liquid is passed at very low velocity up through a bed of solid particles the particles do not move and the ΔP
biomass. It is common to dry the biomass feed and catalyst before they are added to the reactor in order to minimize the amount of water introduced to the system and then grind the biomass and catalyst particles so that they are very small, on the order of 100 microns for both3–5. Studies conducted using ZSM-5 and HZSM-5 Carlson et al., Srinivasan et al., and Li et al. all used commercially available Pyroprobe® reactors, at least in part of their experiments, to study catalytic fast pyrolysis of biomass
rest for a while. Then the gas is piped off to a set of distillation columns to clean up the ethane. In order to activate the chemical reaction necessary to separate the ethane, a thermal cracking unit (a sort of long heated tube) i.e. a plug flow reactor is used. After a series of distillations, ethylene exits the tube. Before using ethylene to produce polyethylene, the compound needs to be purified to almost 100%. In order to reach this level of purity the ethylene needs to be freed of olefins
As a school going kid, I used to wonder what may be the driving force of movement in daily life, so I approached my dad. He simply replied food and the energy derived from it. But as a kid I quiet didn’t understand what actually happens in the process. As years progressed, I developed a keen interest towards science by the magic it is capable of and the logic behind it. I eventually learnt that the body derived its energy in the form of food from the earthly element, carbon. Although 50% of the body
biomass was fed into the fluidized-bed fast pyrolysis reactor and held for 1 h. The nitrogen gas in the reactor was maintained at a flow rate of 50 L/min. The volatile pyrolytic products were cooled and condensed to a liquid phase bio-oil with an average yield of 48.3 wt% [19]. 2. 3. Ion exchange resin treatment of bio-oil with amberlyst 36 The mixture of bio-oil (40 g) and ethanol (10 g) was placed with amberlyst 36 resin into the autoclave reactor (200 mL SUS316). The reactor was sealed and flushed
Introduction: People need energy, it’s a fact. We need it for our cars, for our televisions and for our iPods. We need it all the time, every day. The simple fact is though, we are running out. Carbon based fuels are being used at an alarming rate every day. And every day our demand increases as our society becomes more and more reliant on technology. There is only so much oil in the world though and when that is gone we need to look for alternative sources of energy. Sources like ethanol
INTRODUCTION Environment is the sum total of all surroundings of a living organism that provides conditions for growth and development. The natural environment includes all living and non-living things occurring naturally on Earth. It is an environment that encompasses the interaction of all living species. It can be divided into two components: 1. Non-living 2. Living The environment provides resources that help in supporting life on Earth and leads to growth of living organisms. Human beings hold
The environment, and particularly the aquatic environment, has been focused within in the last years due to the large amount of released chemicals. Thousands of synthetic chemical compounds are currently recorded for use in industry and agriculture, and thousands of tons of these are produced yearly. In addition, several tons of more unintended byproducts produced with these synthetic compounds. Regardless of the source or original intended use, fundamental amounts of these chemicals end up in the