Introduction Acute pancreatitis following endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) appears to be the most frequent major complication, occurring in 1-10% of patients overall, with a mortality rate ranging from 0.2-0.6% and an annual healthcare expenditure cost reaching $150 million in USA alone (1) (2). Several risk factors have been reported to play a role in ERCP-induced pancreatitis; some are patient-related (i.e. sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (SOD), female gender, history of pancreatitis
What are gallstones? Gallstones usually form in the gallbladder when liquid stored hardens into pieces of stone like material. Also, gallstones can form anywhere in the intrahepatic, hepatic, common bile, or cystic ducts. The liquid, called bile is used to help the body digest fats. Bile is made in the liver, and then stored in the gallbladder until the body needs to digest fat. At that time, the gallbladder contracts and pushes the bile into a duct which carries it to the small intestine, where
Examples of these images tests being computed tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), endoscopic ultrasounds (EUS), endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), laparoscopies and biopsies. Possible Causes: Tobacco use: The risk of getting pancreatic cancer is twice as high among smokers Overweight and obesity: Very overweight people are 20% more likely to develop
What is Pancreatitis? The pancreas is a large gland that is located in the upper abdomen that secretes digestive juices, and releases insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream. Pancreatitis is a medical term for inflammation of the pancreas. When the pancreas is inflamed, it can progress to swelling of the gland, and surrounding blood vessels, bleeding, infection, and damage to the gland. It occurs when digestives enzymes start digesting the pancreas itself. Pancreatitis has two types; acute or
of any infection and medicate with antibiotic (Story, 2015). Additionally, the patient needs to be evaluated for possible abdominal obstruction that can be present. “Abdominal X-ray, gallbladder ultrasound, computed tomography, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, bilirubin levels, liver function tests, pancreatic enzymes, and laparoscopy” are some of the tests that would be performed during the visit (Story, 2015). Gallstone is usually treated by performing a surgical procedure to take
imaging testing there are ultrasounds that could detect little gallstones, x-rays which could spot pigment stones, computed tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRIs) that could detect gallstones in the bile duct, Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) which is a tube with a small camera and light used to be inserted into the throat, down into the stomach, and into the small intestine; it can help detect gallstones. There is also cholecintigraphy also known as DISIDA,
The pancreas is a large glandular organ that is located behind the stomach. The main functions of the pancreas is to release the hormones insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream and secrete powerful digestive enzymes which enter the small intestine to help the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Pancreatitis is a rare digestive disorder that occurs due to the inflammation of the pancreas. The pancreas gets damaged because the body is unable to secrete enough digestive enzymes to break
For 9 years, I've woken up as a dragon under attack, a persistent burning sensation had instilled in the pit of my stomach, causing pain to spread and radiate throughout my body. The fire burning in my veins, creeping to my throat, begging for release had become an everyday normality for me. This paper will evaluate what cholelithiasis is, the different types of gallstones, what race and gender are most affected, symptoms, modalities used to diagnose cholelithiasis, and the treatments used for cholelithiasis
The clinical day at the endoscopy of the Yavapai Regional Hospital was incredibly insightful and educational. The nurses were inviting and encouraged the students to generate any clarifying questions. They also strived for the students to administer as much intravenous catheterization as possible. The endoscopy unit performed several different diagnostic studies that concerned the entire intestinal tract. All of the patients who had some type of procedure performed were sedated with anesthesia and
The earliest known gallstone dates back to the twenty-first Egyptian Dynasty sometime between 1085-945 B.C., that was discovered in the mummy of a priestess of Amen. This ancient specimen was destroyed, unfortunately, in the bombing of England during World War Two. Gallstones or cholelithiasis were first described and further researched in the fifth century by the Greek physician named Alexander Trallianus. Trallianus wrote about stones within the bile ducts. Trallianus wrote about stones in the
Introduction TSEs or more commonly prion diseases are a group of invariably fatal neurodegenerative diseases that occur in humans and animals . This disease is caused by a protease –resistant protein (PrPsc) after misfolding of a host-encoded prion protein (PrP). TSEs can exist as genetic, infectious or sporadic forms. The diseases are characterized by dementia, ataxia and neuropathlogically due to loss of specific neurons in the brain. Other clinical features include persistent painful stimuli